The Seven Rays of the Rainbow
Our main source of light on this planet is the sun. We are naturally driven by the energy of sunlight - it provides warmth, growth for food, ability to cook that food, and much more - the sun's energy is vital to our quality of life on a daily basis. The sun drives our world and dictates much of our behavior. The rising sun stimulates activity and a state of alertness, while the blue light of evening brings on relaxation, and finally full darkness indicates a natural time to sleep for most people. The energy of light One of the benefits we receive from the sun's rays is the energy produced when light waves become color! Emotionally we respond to colors as they fit the time of day or year. The reduction of sunlight on a cloudy day or the long months of winter can significantly affect our emotions. Lack of sunlight can cause mood swings, depression, low energy level. Most of us notice a fresh, cheerful, vibrant feeling when Spring arrives after a long dark winter. The seven color rays are spiritual forces emanating from the white light. They are perpetually vibrating - not only on the surface of the earth - but also above and through it, encircling the globe in streams of endless energy. Color vibrations are a source of power, each one having a general as well as a specific function and purpose. Some people believe that each human being incarnates under a particular ray and is influenced by other subordinate rays, the focal point being an aura or radiation of light, that surrounds all creatures. The Trinity of Primary Colors There are three primary colors unfolded in the white light. These are Red, Yellow and Blue. These colors correspond with the three basic elements - hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The three-fold power of the Primary Colors make a direct energy contribution towards our physical, mental and spiritual development. The Blue Ray (cooling) is assimilated by the spiritual center in the head. It awakens within a knowledge of divinity. We WILL in blue - INTENTION. The Yellow Ray stimulates mental growth by way of the brain. We THINK in yellow - WISDOM. The Red Ray (thermal) provides sustenance for the physical body, gaining entrance by way of the breath. We FEEL in red - ACTIVITY. https://crystal-cure.com/color-emotions2.html What Makes A Rainbow? If you had no idea at all about what a rainbow is or what causes it, you might actually believe some of the legends that different ancient cultures have created to explain it. Rainbows are among the most beautiful of nature’s displays. A rainbow isn’t really a “thing” and it doesn’t exist in a particular “place.” It is an optical phenomenon that appears when sunlight and atmospheric conditions are just right—and the viewer’s position is just right to see it. Drawing show the sun on the left and a rainbow on the right (under some rainy clouds) and a person viewing the rainbow in the middle. When can you see a rainbow? A rainbow requires water droplets to be floating in the air. That’s why we see them right after it rains. The Sun must be behind you and the clouds cleared away from the Sun for the rainbow to appear. Why is a rainbow a bow—or arc? A full rainbow is actually a complete circle, but from the ground we see only part of it. From an airplane, in the right conditions, one can see an entire circular rainbow. A circular rainbow as seen from a plane, with clouds in the center of the rainbow. From a flying plane, you might see a full-circle rainbow. What happens in the water droplets? The sunlight shines on a water droplet. As the light passes into the droplet, the light bends, or refracts, a little, because light travels slower in water than in air (because water is denser). Then the light bounces off the back of the water droplet and goes back the way it came, bending again as it speeds up when it exits the water droplet. Drawing shows the path of a light beam as it enters a spherical drop of water and reflects off the inside. It is separated into all its colors as it exits the droplet. Light enters a water droplet, bending as it slows down a bit going from air to denser water. The light reflects off the inside of the droplet, separating into its component wavelengths—or colors. When it exits the droplet, it makes a rainbow. Why the colors? Sunlight is made up of many wavelengths—or colors—of light. Some of those wavelengths get bent more than others when the light enters the water droplet. Violet (the shortest wavelength of visible light) bends the most, red (the longest wavelength of visible light) bends the least. So when the light exits the water droplet, it is separated into all its wavelengths. The light reflecting back to you, the observer with the Sunlight coming from behind you, from the water droplets will appear separated into all the colors of the rainbow! Violet will be on the bottom and red on the top. What makes a double rainbow? A double rainbow. A secondary rainbow appears if the sunlight is reflected twice inside the water droplets. Secondary rainbows are fainter, and the order of the color is reversed, with red on the bottom. Sometimes you can see another, fainter secondary rainbow above the primary rainbow. The primary rainbow is caused from one reflection inside the water droplet. The secondary rainbow is caused by a second reflection inside the droplet, and this “re-reflected” light exits the drop at a different angle (50° instead of 42° for the red primary bow). This is why the secondary rainbow appears above the primary rainbow. The secondary rainbow will have the order of the colors reversed, too, with red on the bottom and violet on the top. http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/rainbow/
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Facts about Purple
http://www.thefactsite.com/2014/11/colour-purple-facts.html Purple Mountain (Zhongshan Mountain National Park)Towering in the eastern suburb of Nanjing, Purple Mountain (Zhongshan Mountain National Park) has been known as one of the four most famous mountains in Southern China. It got its name because purple clouds can often be seen at the top of the mountain. The mountain is not only very beautiful, but also rich in historical and cultural relics. The mountain covers a total area of 12 square miles (31 square kilometers), with more than two hundred scenic spots, including fifteen key historical and cultural relics under state protection and one world cultural heritage site, the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. The Purple Mountain consists of four core scenic areas, including the Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum Scenic Area on the southern slope, the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty Scenic Area to the west of the Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum and the Linggu Temple Scenic Area to the east, and the Toutuo Ridge Scenic Area on the mountain top. Why Is the Color Purple Associated With Royalty?Why Is the Color Purple Associated With Royalty? By Remy Melina | June 3, 2011 04:06pm ET Why Is the Color Purple Associated With Royalty? The color purple has been associated with royalty, power and wealth for centuries. In fact, Queen Elizabeth I forbad anyone except close members of the royal family to wear it. Purple's elite status stems from the rarity and cost of the dye originally used to produce it. Purple fabric used to be so outrageously expensive that only rulers could afford it. The dye initially used to make purple came from the Phoenician trading city of Tyre, which is now in modern-day Lebanon. Fabric traders obtained the dye from a small mollusk that was only found in the Tyre region of the Mediterranean Sea. A lot of work went into producing the dye, as more than 9,000 mollusks were needed to create just one gram of Tyrian purple. Since only wealthy rulers could afford to buy and wear the color , it became associated with the imperial classes of Rome, Egypt, and Persia. Purple also came to represent spirituality and holiness because the ancient emperors, kings and queens that wore the color were often thought of as gods or descendents of the gods. Sometimes, however, the dye was too expensive even for royalty. Third-century Roman emperor Aurelian famously wouldn't allow his wife to buy a shawl made from Tyrian purple silk because it literally cost its weight in gold. Talk about sticker shock. Purple's exclusivity carried over to the Elizabethan era (1558 to 1603), during which time everyone in England had to abide by Sumptuary Laws, which strictly regulated what colors, fabrics and clothes could and couldn't be worn by different classes within English society. Queen Elizabeth I's Sumptuary Laws forbid anyone but close relatives of the royal family to wear purple, so the color not only reflected the wearer's wealth but also their regal status . The hue became more accessible to lower classes about a century and a half ago. In 1856, 18-year-old English chemist William Henry Perkin accidently created a synthetic purple compound while attempting to synthesize quinine, an anti-malaria drug . He noticed that the compound could be used to dye fabrics, so he patented the dye and manufactured it under the name aniline purple and Tyrian purple, making a fortune in the process. The color's name was later changed to "mauve" in 1859, based on the French name for the purple mallow flower, with chemists calling the dye compound mauveine. And that's how the elite royal color became widely available and affordable thanks to a young scientist's serendipitous experiment. Follow Life's Little Mysteries on Twitter @LLMysteries http://www.livescience.com/33324-purple-royal-color.html The Purple People BridgeWhy Pick Purple? By Patrick Crowley The Cincinnati Enquirer So why purple? Southbank Partners, the nonprofit group that is the primary developer of the Newport Southbank Bridge, convened focus groups during the planning for converting the span to a pedestrian walkway over the Ohio River. More than a dozen groups were shown computer-generated images of how the bridge would look painted a variety of colors, including dark purple, green, rust, orange and white. In every group, purple and green were among the top choices. In stepped Ted Bushelman, a Southbank volunteer and longtime director of communications at the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. During the early 1960s, the Boone County native worked in television. Color TVs were just beginning to appear in homes. At Xavier University, Bushelman studied how people relate to colors, even writing his master's thesis on "The Psychology of Color." "Seeing is as much in the brain as it is in the eye. I redid some of my research and gave the information to Southbank," Bushelman said. "Purple is a good color for public consumption. If you paint a room purple, it can drive you crazy. But it looks good on something like a bridge." Southbank President Wally Pagan said his group took the advice and came up with its own color based on Bushelman's input and the focus group's preference for a darker purple. http://www.purplepeoplebridge.com/IntheNews/WhyPickPurple/tabid/1645/Default.aspx PurpleThe Meanings of Purple
Purple flower & purple electromagnetic energy Purple’s rarity in nature and the expense of creating the color and has given purple a supernatural aura for centuries. Purple is also the most powerful wavelength of the rainbow – and it’s a color with a powerful history that has evolved over time. In fact, the origins of the symbolism of purple are more significant and interesting than those of any other color. Purple flower If we go back to our pre-historic existence, our ancestors probably never saw a purple fruit, flower, bird, fish - or any living thing - because purple is very rare in nature. This is hard to imagine in today’s connected world. Purpura - murex shellfish, purple fabric, Roman emperor As civilizations developed, so did clothing and colored dyes. The earliest purple dyes date back to about 1900 B.C. It took some 12,000 shellfish to extract 1.5 grams of the pure dye - barely enough for dying a single garment the size of the Roman toga. It’s no wonder then, that this color was used primarily for garments of the emperors or privileged individuals. Over the course of history, purple pigments and dyes became less costly and complex, but one thing has remained the same: Purple symbolizes nobility and luxury to most people in the world. Purple Electromagnetic Energy Today, science has revealed much more about purple than our ancestors ever realized: Purple is the most powerful visible wavelength of electromagnetic energy. It’s just a few steps away from x-rays and gamma rays. (See the chart here.) Perhaps this explains why purple is associated with supernatural energy and the cosmos than with the physical world as we know it. Taking all aspects of purple’s past and present into consideration, purple symbolizes magic, mystery, spirituality, the sub-conscious, creativity, dignity, royalty – and it evokes all of these meanings more so than any other color. Variations of purple convey different meanings: Light purples are light-hearted, floral, and romantic. The dark shades are more intellectual and dignified. The negative meanings of purple are decadence, conceit, and pomposity. Purple is also a color of mourning. One of the most significant aspects of purple’s symbolism is the generational divide. There’s a huge difference of opinions about purple. It all depends on age. Barney, Tinky Winky, Yahoo - Purple is a happy color Most young people view purple as a happy color. No baggage. Older adults view the color through a broader perspective. Furthermore, purple takes on new meanings in many cultures. Global Meanings of Purple Purple's global similarities are significant: Purple tends to be a color that people either love or hate. Among Mediterranean people, purple was reserved for emperors and popes. The Japanese christened it “Imperial Purple” Purple is the color of mourning or death in many cultures (U.K., Italy, Thailand, Brazil) Purple is not a common flag color. Only two flags contain purple. Unique Meanings of Purple in Different Cultures The “Purple Heart” is the American award for bravery. Purple is a symbolic color for the gay community in many Western cultures. Purple is the color of popular children's television characters – "Barney" and "Tinky Winky" (the purple Teletubby from the BBC). In Italy most performing artists would not go on stage if they have to wear anything purple. http://www.colormatters.com/the-meanings-of-colors/purple Periwinkle Snail A Quick Guide to the Periwinkle Snail The periwinkle snail is in the family Littorinidae and is known as a shore snail. These tiny snails are approximately 1-½ inches long and are found among rocks, on wood pilings between high and low tides, underneath docks, and in mud pools. The largest periwinkle snail, Littorina littorea, is the most common variety. The periwinkle snail originated in Europe and was brought to Canada in the mid-1800s. It can be found all along the East Coast of the United States, from New England to Maryland. Many different types of shore and water birds feed on this snail as part of their diets. In some locations, such as the southern United States, all freshwater snails are also known as periwinkles. http://www.snailfacts.net/periwinkle_snail/periwinkle_snail.html Periwinkle Flowers!Periwinkle Care – How To Grow Periwinkle Plants Printer Friendly Version Image by anemoneprojectors By Becca Badgett (Co-author of How to Grow an EMERGENCY Garden) The common periwinkle plant (Vinca minor) is often spotted creeping down steep hillsides and banks, offering a green and growing affect in areas which might otherwise be bare. The periwinkle plant is exceptional as an erosion control specimen. Periwinkle is also used as a spreading shrub in USDA garden zones 4 to 8. Periwinkle is often also called creeping vinca. Periwinkle is most often grown as a ground cover. The periwinkle plant takes its common name from the attractive blooms that dot the foliage in April to May, appearing in the color of periwinkle blue. More than 30 varieties of this plant exist, some with variegated foliage and other colors of blooms. When planting periwinkle, choose what best suits your landscape. How to Grow Periwinkle Plants Advertisement This broadleaf evergreen plant grows easily and periwinkle care most often involves keeping the prolific spreader in check. Periwinkle, once established, is drought resistant and needs little other care if properly sited in the landscape. Periwinkle care after planting may include the removal of tall weeds in the area. Once established, growing periwinkle will likely shade out future growth of weeds and eliminate this chore. The periwinkle plant grows best in a partially shaded area in acidic soil; however, it can thrive in a variety of sunlight and soil conditions. Growing periwinkle in partial shade creates more vigorous growth. In many instances, extreme vigor may not be desirable unless the periwinkle plant needs to cover a large area. One small plant can spread to 8 feet across. Growing periwinkle as a ground cover is common as it rarely reaches more than 4 inches in height. Periwinkle is best used for controlling erosion as described above. Do not plant near other specimens in the flower bed or garden, as it may overtake and choke out valuable plantings. This plant may be used as a climber on a non-living support and is useful for blocking views when used in this way. Before planting periwinkle, make sure it is what you want in the area, as it is difficult to remove once established. Periwinkle appears low on the exotic invasive list, but can escape cultivation in the garden. It is rarely found escaping into undisturbed woodlands. Now that you know how to grow periwinkle and manage its growth, you can make an informed decision before planting the specimen in your landscape. Periwinkle ground cover should not be confused with annual periwinkle, as annual periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a different plant.
http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/groundcover/periwinkle/growing-periwinkle.htm May Birthstone – Emerald Discover Exquisite Emerald: The May Birthstone May Birthstone Meaning, Significance and Symbolism Of Emerald May Birthstone Emerald 9Emerald, often coveted by royalty since time immemorial, is the birthstone for those born in the month of May. Its shimmering hues of green symbolize renewal of life and revitalization, akin to the verdant hues of the Spring season that reaches its peak in the month of May. Emerald is also considered to represent loyalty, friendship and faithfulness. Since ancient times, it has been believed to bestow the wearer with prosperity, foresight and good health and increases ones’ intuitive capabilities. This regal May birthstone also signifies patience and wisdom. For those born in the month of May, wearing emeralds helps to enhance and balance their energies and this gemstone grants its wearer happiness. Interesting Facts About The Emerald The Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra had a deep admiration and fascination for the Emerald and it was her most adored gemstones. She in fact claimed ownership of all the Emerald mines in Egypt during her reign. Venus, the Roman goddess of Love was associated with this gemstone since ancient Romans believed that the Emerald embodied all the qualities of Venus; beauty, fertility and goodness. Similarly, ancient Greeks wore this green gem in honour of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess who represents fertility, love and beauty. Emeralds were used by Egyptian monarchs and these gemstones were buried with the dead in their tombs too. There is evidence of Emerald mines in Egypt dating back to 1300 BC, much before the birth of Cleopatra! The Muzo Indians of Columbia had well- hidden Emerald mines since 500 AD and the Spanish Conquistadors took close to twenty years to locate them. The healing power of Emerald was thought to ward off epileptic fits, cure fever and stomach ailments and put a stop to bleeding. Moreover, this stone is said to guard the one who wears it from panic. Etymology Of The May Birthstone The Emerald gets its name from the French ‘Esmeraude’ and the Middle English word of ‘Emeraude’. Both these words have their origin in ‘Smargadus’ a Latin word derived from the Greek ‘Smargados’ which means ‘green gem’. The Beauty Of Nature As Seen In The May Birthstone Scientific Make up – Composition of Emerald, the May Birthstone May Birthstone Emerald 6The May birthstone consists primarily of the mineral Beryl and is made up of Beryllium, Aluminum, Oxygen and Silicon. This is known in chemical terms as Beryllium Aluminum Silicate. The beautiful green hues of the Emerald are attributed to Chromium and Vanadium, present in trace amounts during the formation of this stone. The Emerald structure is a little fragile and chips easily while carving facets. Over the years, a special cut known as the ‘Emerald Cut’ was developed to maintain the integrity of the Emerald crystal and reduce any kind of stress that may cause chipping. This cut has a typical rectangular shape with facets to bring out the true beauty of this gemstone. Gemstones That Set The Eyes A Twinkling. Characteristics Of The May Birthstone Color The color of this gemstone ranges from a light green hues to gorgeous deep green ones. It is believed that Chromium and Vanadium replace Aluminum in some part of the crystal structure and this is what gives the Emerald its tint. Emeralds are sensitive and may lose their natural color is heated too strongly. Emeralds have natural inclusions, even the ones of superior quality. In fact, Emeralds without any inclusions are suspect and may even be artificial. Most people have known Emeralds in shades of green; however, naturally occurring red emeralds do exist and are considered to be extremely rare. Being difficult to find, jewelry made of red emeralds are very highly priced. may birthstone 13 may birthstone 6 may birthstone 5 may birthstone 4 may birthstone 3 may birthstone 2 may birthstone 1 may birthstone 7 may birthstone 8 may birthstone 9 may birthstone 10 may birthstone 12 Origin The best qualities of the May birthstone are found in the mines of Columbia, which also yield the highest quantity of Emerald. These green beauties are also mined in the Ural mountains of Russia, Zambia, India, Madagascar, Norway, Brazil, Pakistan, Australia and United States Of America. Healing Power Of The May Birthstone The May birthstone has excellent healing properties especially for health problems associated with the eyes, spine, and fertility. The soothing properties of this green gem are believed to have a stabilizing effect on the mind and used to dispel insomnia and unknown fears, avert nightmares and also combats mood swings and schizophrenia. Emerald is also used also to fortify the immune and circulatory system. The healing power of Emerald was thought to ward off epileptic fits, cure fever and stomach ailments and put a stop to bleeding. Moreover, this stone is said to guard the one who wears it from panic. Value Of The Emerald The 4 C’s: Color, Cut, Clarity and Crystal are the parameters used to grade and value the stunning Emerald. ‘Color’ is the most important parameter for emeralds and the next important one is ‘Crystal’, which implies the transparency. A superior quality Emerald has to possess not only a luxuriant green shade but also a high level of transparency. The exquisite green hues of the Emerald are a delight for the senses, and this precious gem gives the wearer a sense of well- being. This gem is also associated with the star sign of ‘Taurus’. The May birthstone is used extensively in fine jewelry and is an ideal gift to express faith and lasting love. http://www.birthstonezodiac.com/birthstones/may-birthstone/ How did Ireland come to be called the Emerald IsleHow did Ireland come to be called the Emerald Isle? Sheila Langan @irishcentral May 06,2016 01:27 AM Ireland’s resplendent greenery played a big part of course, but there’s more to the story of how it became known as the Emerald Isle. Ireland’s resplendent greenery played a big part of course, but there’s more to the story of how it became known as the Emerald Isle. Photo by: Thinkstock The term “The Emerald Isle” is synonymous with Ireland and its rolling hills and vales of green – at least forty shades, or so the famous Johnny Cash song goes. But how did Ireland come to be known as the Emerald Isle? Ireland’s resplendent greenery certainly had a lot to do with it, but there's more to the story and it starts with one rather interesting man. The first time the words ever appeared in print in reference to Ireland was in a poem by Belfast-born William Drennan, titled “When Erin First Rose.” Drennan, a poet, a physician and a political radical who helped found the Society of United Irishmen, was born in Belfast in 1754. His father was the Reverend Thomas Drennan, who served as minister of Belfast’s First Presbyterian Church. After studying in Scotland, Drennan returned to Belfast in 1778 and set up an obstetrics practice. He was known for being a medical innovator, urging for simple but effective measures such as hand-washing to prevent the spread of disease and of inoculation against small pox. In the early 1780s, he began publishing creative and political works and became known for his support of Catholic emancipation and civil rights. He moved to Dublin in 1789, and in 1791 he and his brother-in-law Sam McTier developed a plan for the Society of United Irishmen. As they exchanged in letters, they envisioned “"a benevolent conspiracy—a plot for the people—no Whig Club—no party title—the Brotherhood its name—the rights of man and the greatest happiness of the greatest number its end—its general end, real independence to Ireland and republicanism its particular purpose—its business, every means to accomplish these ends as speedily as the prejudices and bigotry of the land we live in would permit." As the society grew, Drennan became its leading force in Dublin and stood trial for libel in 1794. But by 1798, the year of the rebellion, he had parted ways with the society as its emphasis shifted to rebellion and violent uprising. It was in 1795, however, that Drennan penned the poem “When Erin First Rose.” The stanza where the words "the Emerald Isle" first appeared reads: Alas! for poor Erin that some are still seen, Who would dye the grass red from their hatred to green; Yet, oh! when you're up, and they're down, let them live, Then yield them that mercy which they would not give. Arm of Erin, be strong! but be gentle as brave; And uplifted to strike, be still ready to save; Let no feeling of vengeance presume to defile The cause of, or men of, the Emerald Isle. Read the full poem here. Dr. Drennan married Sarah Swanwick in 1800, and in 1807 he retired from the medical profession and returned to his native Belfast. There he founded the Belfast Monthly Magazine and became involved with the Belfast Academical Institution, one of the first attempts at educating Protestants and Catholics together for secondary and higher level education. When Drennan died in 1820, in a final symbolic gesture he had insisted that his coffin be carried by three Protestants and three Catholics. *Credit: uudb.org *Originally published December 2014. http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/How-did-Ireland-come-to-be-called-the-Emerald-Isle.html Emerald Isles NCThe long barrier island that borders central North Carolina is known by a wide range of nicknames, including the "Crystal Coast," "Bogue Banks," and "Emerald Isle." This last moniker, which is probably most of the most frequent terms for the stretch of coastline from Atlantic Beach to the western edge of the island, just happens to share its name with the island's westernmost town, Emerald Isle. A picturesque 5 square mile town with just under 4,000 year-round residents, the community is nonetheless a popular destination for beach lovers and vacationers from all across the East Coast. Home to a number of incredible accommodations, restaurants, and those gem-colored ocean beaches which gave the region its name, the town of Emerald Isle is a favorite vacation spot along the Crystal Coast, and lives up to its name as a true jewel of the southern Outer Banks. Unlike Morehead City and Atlantic Beach, which began building a reputation as a vacation destination in the early 20th century, Emerald Isle began as a small fishing community populated by a handful of whalers and fishermen that took up residence during the colonial era. In 1951, noticing the attention that the eastern regions of Atlantic Beach and Morehead City were receiving by summertime vacationers, a group of investors purchased a 12 mile stretch of this relatively empty expanse of the island from sole owner Anita Maulick, for the whopping purchase price of $350,000 - a Carteret County record at the time. The town was deemed "Emerald Isle" by a consultant from Florida who was helping the group launch this new region as a vacation destination, and who, during an aerial tour of the island, noticed that the region looked like a solid green gem. Local legend has it that the consultant, admiring the view and the dark green patches of maritime forest coupled with the turquoise hues of the oceanfront beaches, told the investors "This Place Shall be Known as Emerald Isle." The town was subsequently divided into 54 blocks, from ocean to sound, to make room for mobile homes and beach cottages, (and prevent any large-scale or high rise hotels from interfering with the natural backdrop), and in 1960, a ferry service was initiated to provide easier access to this stretch of the Bogue Banks. By the time the Cameron Langston Bridge was opened in 1971 to provide access from Cedar Point to the western edge of Emerald Island and the Crystal Coast Beaches, the town was a summertime success, with seasonal owners and vacationers alike eager to find a spot of the gem-like shoreline to enjoy for themselves. Today, the town certainly fits the original concept of a picturesque, but not too developed summertime beach town. While the town feels sparse, there are ample services throughout the community, including "Emerald Plantation," a shopping center that includes a large chain grocery store, a movie theater, and several other shops for visitors to uncover. Shopping fans can also check out the Bell Cove Village, a new plaza that's close to the bridge's entrance and features several gift stores, an ice cream shop, and an Italian restaurant, as well as Veranda Square, a centrally located shopping center with clothing and accessories boutiques, a tanning salon, and other small local finds. The town is also home to several surf shops, beach supply stores, and watersports equipment rentals so visitors can load up on everything they need to enjoy a full vacation along the town's renowned beaches. The region is also home to a wide variety of restaurants, ranging from ice cream stores to Chinese food and martini bars and bistros. With over a dozen eateries to choose from, visitors can please a new craving during every day of their vacation, from fresh brick-oven fired pizza to Mexican fare that uses fresh seafood to perfect its specialty dishes. While there are certainly countless additional restaurant options located inland, in neighboring Swansboro and Morehead City, most Emerald Isle visitors find they never have to leave the island for a full week's worth of tasty, varied, and mouth-watering meals. As for entertainment, the town of Emerald Isle, unsurprisingly, revolves around the beach, and visitors will find miles of shoreline to enjoy at their leisure. Several fishing charter businesses launch from the inlet and soundside marinas, and anglers can always head to the Bogue Island Fishing Pier, a fantastic fishing pier that's nearly as old as the town itself, and which boasts some of the best big saltwater catches along the East Coast. The beaches are generally uncrowded, with wide stretches of shoreline and a gently sloping ocean floor that lends itself well to swimming, body boarding, and shelling. Small finds wash up on a regular basis, especially periwinkles, moon snails, augers, scallops, and sand dollars, making this uncrowded stretch of sand a beachcomber's paradise. The town is also open to beach driving, generally from September until March or April, and permits can be purchased and applied for online at http://www.emeraldisle-nc.org/beachdrivingpage.htm. The town is also known for its large population of nesting sea turtles, and in the late summer months and early fall season, many loggerhead and green sea turtles shimmy up to Emerald Isle's shoreline to lay their eggs on the shore. Though protected, seasonal visitors can spot these nests, carefully outlined with temporary barriers to protect them from beach traffic, and admire the long winding turtle tracks that trickle from the ocean wash to well above the high tide line. Emerald Isle has a big community spirit as well, and visitors of all seasons will be treated to a number of town-wide events, including an incredible Independence Day Fireworks display that launches annually off the Bogue Island Fishing Pier, and a Christmas Parade that brings out the best of all the local businesses and residents. With seasonal 5Ks and charity races, biking tours, Friday Flicks, and varying festivals throughout the year, (which includes a St. Patrick's Day Festival and the renowned Seafood Festival), visitors will find no shortage of things to do. A complete list of special events can be found on the official Town of Emerald Isle's website, which is updated throughout the year. Visitors will find a bevy of vacation rentals and condominium complexes to enjoy, but no major high rise hotels or national chains, and honestly, for most seasoned Emerald Isle vacationers, this is part of the town's charm. Distinct from other beach vacation destinations, Emerald Isle, though a relatively new Carolina vacation destination, is proud of its informal reputation as a small beach town with a lot of amenities, a big community spirit, and miles of those emerald green beaches. Visitors who want a family vacation to revolve around the beach will feel right at home in Emerald Isle. Small but accommodating, this town is one of the Crystal Coast's best gems, and is an idyllic vacation destination for anyone whose idea of paradise is sea-green ocean waves, dense patches of native landscape, and miles of waterfront views in every direction. http://www.crystalcoast.com/emerald-isle.html EMERALD, 25 FACTS AND REASONS WHY YOU'LL LOVE THIS GREEN GEMSTONEEMERALD, 25 FACTS AND REASONS WHY YOU'LL LOVE THIS GREEN GEMSTONE! By Esther Ligthart on Thursday, 12 November 2015, in Inspiration This beautiful green stone, my favorite of the expensive foursome: diamond, ruby, sapphire and emerald, has been an object of desire for many centuries. Like most gemstones, its history is filled with a lot of stories, which might influence the motives for all of you wanting a piece of jewelry with an emerald. Here are 25 interesting and fun facts about this fantastic gemstone! emeralds WHERE DOES THE WORD EMERALD COME FROM: When I did some research, most sources said it came from the ancient Greek word for green: smaragdus. But some speak about the origins in the Semitic languages (origins in Afro-asiatic language family, today the biggest Semitic languages are Arabic, Amharic, Tigrinya, Hebrew and Maltese) Faberge ethically and fairtrade mined stones gemfield Emerald necklace Romanov collar 001 Faberge and Gemfields, created this fairtrade necklace called ....the Romanov collier LET’S START FIRST WITH SOME FACTS BEFORE GOING TO MYTHS AND STORIES! Emerald is found and mined in many places around the globe. Most famous, perhaps, are the mines in Colombia. Other countries are f.e. Zambia, Afghanistan and Brazil. Emerald is always green. The deeper the color, the more valuable the stone. emerald Piaget Emerald and diamond ring, Moksh Zambian emerald and diamond earrings, stunning necklace by Narayan Jewellers Emerald has always some inclusions. If it’s without any inclusion, it’s more likely to be a synthetic version. Emerald is treated, estimated by the GIA (Gemological Institute of America), in 90% of the cases. This practice has been done throughout the ages as emerald has often some scratches and damage on its surface. This is normal and natural. Most used are oils and resins Narayan Jewellers Elephant ring emerald 001 Oh how I love this one! Ring by Narayan jewellers, with the huge emerald on its back. The ring is made for a special occassion; Elephants for elephants Emerald is a gemstone from the Beryl family. Light green stones are called green beryl and should not be called emerald. The jewelry organization in the U.S. decided in the ‘60’s that not just chrome containing emeralds (chrome gives the green color) are officially emeralds, but also those stones that contain vanadium (as the material giving its green color to emerald). This is allowed only in the U.S. Stones containing vanadium are often called: Colombian emeralds and are not recognized as emeralds in the U.K. and Europe f.e. Jaipur is one of the largest emerald cutting centers of the world today. uma thurman con pendenti di smeraldo The ever glamorous Uma Thurman wearing the stunning emerald earrings by deGrisogono... OLD STORIES: In ancient Egypt, the emerald was already mined and appreciated by Pharaoh's. In 1817, mines were discovered by Frédéric Cailliaud. We know that Cleopatra, centuries after the oldest mines were excavated, was also a true lover of the green gemstone. The Romans connected emerald and other green stones to Venus, Godess of Love. It was associated with growth and spring. Something we will find also in other cultures. DeGrisogono emerald necklace deGrisogono diamond and emeralds.... In Pompei en Herculaneum, beautiful emerald jewelry was found. In 800-250 B.C. Hermes, the messenger of the Gods, was connected to emeralds as it was said that this was the stone of truth. And eloquent speaking ( something I like to always try and fail to do ;-) Crivelli Emerald ring Crivelli from Valenza. A company well known for its high quality jewelry. Nero, the Roman emperor, was said to watch Gladiator matches through a Beryl ( emerald is part of the Beryl stone family) Perhaps he thus invented the first sunglasses? Or was it to alter the color of blood? Aztecs (1200-1500 A.C.) called the emerald; Stone of the Earth. It was associated with, again; fertility and one can find statues that were meant to celebrate fertility, full of jade and emeralds. Carla Amorim earring emerald Carla Amorim stunning cascade of emeralds and diamonds In Medieval times, Christians connected the beautiful emerald to Lucifer, the devil. It was a stone, so they said, from his crown. Although it was now perhaps a devil stone, people did connect it in a more positive way. It was believed that it helped you to stay honest and well-behaved. Again, although brought in a different setting, the stone was connected to being true, speaking the truth. DeGrisogono emerald ring De Grisogono ...what a beautiful ring, the black color and emeralds give it a hightly sophisticated look The Mystic Johannes van Ruusbroec (1293-1381 A.C.) said that the stone was indeed, the holy spirit of Jesus. Faith, Hope and Love. Emerald was an inspiration for the Medieval alchemists. The Tabula Smaragdina. This emerald tablet contained a writing, done most probably by Hermes Trismegistus and it’s a connected to the origin of the Philosopher’s stone, but it's also about the creation of the world, the energy of the creation between microcosm and macrocosm. Engraved into the emerald stone, once again, for it is known to speak the truth. Emerald tablet Tabula smaragdina The Tabula Smaragdina MODERN STORIES If you like more modern reasons to buy emerald, but still love a good story, here is some of the reasons why you might want to choose for an emerald. I think that stories like this and the ones mentioned above, give more meaning to the stone. So when you want to buy something for yourself, you might find something that connects you and your life ( or of the one you are buying it for) and so it becomes even more meaningful. Of course, you may or may not believe the stories, I am a huge sceptic, but we love symbolism. We all do. And if you look at it that way, here are some of the symbolic values of the stone. Emerald Gemfields SYMBOLISM Emerald gives: Insight and seeing yourself as who you truly (here we go again!) are. Opening of the heart chakra, enabling you to experience unconditional love for all that surrounds you. Tranquility and inner wisdom Attracts love, harmony and abundance. Stone of truth It’s connected to being resilient. Also: enhance your wellbeing and love for esthetics Growth, nature, your connection to nature, regeneration Stefan Hafner emerald ring Stefan Hafner ring in diamonds and emeralds REASON NR.25: It's simply just an amazingly beautiful gemstone! YaelSonia Ring emerald Yael Sonia, a very different approach of a golden ring with emeralds A LITTLE TIP: Emeralds are not as hard as a diamond. Because they are often treated, one should never ever use chemicals or ultrasound machines to clean it. Neither should you clean it using heat in any way. Pay attention to all chemicals when wearing it. Clean it, preferably, with some warm water and just rinse it. Let it dry and then rub it with a very soft cloth. http://www.bizzita.com/inspiration/emeralds-25-facts-and-reasons-why-you-ll-love-this-gemstone/ Emerald Green!6 Fun Facts About the Emerald You Probably Didn’t Know6 Fun Facts About the Emerald You Probably Didn’t Know
SEP 5, 2014 Most people can recognize an emerald based on its signature “emerald” cut and the deep, green color of this gemstone. However, besides these two facts, there’s probably a lot you don’t know about the emerald. For example:
http://mostelleramericangemstones.com/gemstones-blog/6-fun-facts-emerald-didnt/ Turquoise in America was originally found by Native American Indians of the Southwestern United States. The Turquoise mines first set up in America were hand mined with primitive tools. Turquoise was originally found in New Mexico and Colorado. The earliest Turquoise Mine being in what is now known as Cerrillos, NM. Turquoise Beads have been found at the Chaco Canyon Site dating back over prior to 900 A.D. The Cerrillos Turquoise mines are still being mined on occasion, but not in production. In the late 1800's, the Navajo Indians started using Turquoise in their silver Jewelry and shortly after a market for Southwest Native American Turquoise Jewelry was born. Soon after that the demand for Turquoise grew exponentially and prospectors began opening Turquoise mines in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico and Colorado. Today most of these Turquoise mines are closed. Turquoise Mines List View Durango Silver Companies Turquoise Mine list to see where American Turquoise Mines are located, a description of each Turquoise Mine and photos of the Turquoise from each of the Turquoise Mines. Our Turquoise Mine List is organized by State: Arizona Turquoise Mines, Nevada Turquoise Mines, New Mexico Turquoise Mines, Colorado Turquoise Mines, California and Utah Mines. We also have information on Global Turquoise Mines. This Turquoise facts section of the site will help you find the locations of Turquoise Mines and sources of Turquoise. Most Turquoise deposits are in arid to semi-arid regions in igneous rock formations that contain high copper concentrations. Deposits of Turquoise can be found in America, Afghanistan, Africa, Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, Europe, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Russia, Siberia, Tanzania, and Turkey. http://www.durangosilver.com/turquoisemines.htm Turquoise River. Slovenia – ItalyThis incredibly beautiful river is located in the two countries: in Slovenia where it is known as Soča and in Italy – Isonzo. It originates at the tops of Mount Triglav in the picturesque Trenta Valley, surrounded by the Slovenian Alps. The end point of the river is in the Gulf of Trieste in the Adriatic Sea. It meanders throughout a pristine nature of the mightiest mountain ranges for 138 kilometers, 96 kilometers of which flows through Slovenia, and 42 – Italy. Its depth varies between one and a half meters, and its width is 20 meters. The uniqueness of the Soca is that the entire length of the river retains its unusual color. Clean water flowing down from the mountain range of north-western Alps, have extraordinary emerald-turquoise tone. This winding turquoise belt passes Bovec, Tolmin, Kobarid, Nova Gorica, and in Italy – the city of Gorizia. This is not a calm river, near the source of the river framed by the high banks it looks like a mountain stream. The river is very popular among tourists. The river bed is quite difficult for swimming, because it meets a lot of rapids, steep slopes and ledges. But, in addition to picturesque views of unusual nature, you can enjoy rafting, rock climbing, mountain biking, canyoning and many other similar entertainment. Moreover, fishing is allowed here. The awesome river is home to unique species of fish, such as the marble trout, which is considered to be endemic; as well as carp, river and rainbow trout, grayling. These fabulous landscapes of the unique nature and the distinctive color of the river attract not only tourists. In 2008, “Disney” filmed in this area some scenes of the famous film “The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian.” The nature around is not inferior to the one of the most beautiful rivers of Europe. Amazingly beautiful beaches are rich in variety of attractions and dizzy suspension bridges. Rocky shores, deep valley with steep slopes and scenic views are incredibly beautiful. Worth noting here is the Triglav National Park. One of the main attractions of these places is the Solkan Bridge. This stone railway bridge is 220 meters long. It connects the coasts of the two states of Slovenia and Italy near Novo Gorica. In 1985, the arched Solkan Bridge was recognized as a national heritage of Slovenia and was taken under the protection of the public organization. For the history buffs, it is recommended to visit the memorial museum in Kobarid. It is devoted to “12 Battles of the Isonzo” which took place in the vicinity of the river during the First World War. http://feel-planet.com/turquoise-river-slovenia-italy/ Turquoise GemstoneTurquoise Gemstone meaning Turquoise is one of the oldest protection amulets, and was also known as a symbol of wealth in many ancient cultures. Strength, protection from harm, psychic sensitivity and connection to the spirit world If given a turquoise by a loving friend, that stone would protect the wearer from negative energy and bring good fortune. The turquoise is the symbol of friendship. It also brings peace to the home. This stone is a very personal and meaningful stone to one who wears it. Turquoise takes on the characteristics of the owner. Turquoise carries great wisdom of basic truth within it. It is one of the oldest stones known. This is a stone that a person must learn to attune to instead of the stone attuning to the person. It is important that the owner of a Turquoise give it the proper attention. Healing properties of Turquoise Neutralizes overacidity Alleviates rheumatism, gout, stomach problems, viral infections Increases growth, muscular strength Alleviates pain, relaxes cramps Contains anti-inflammatory and detoxifying effects Application: should be worn on the solar plexus Use with copper to increase the power of turquoise. History of Turquoise Turquoise is a stone that has been prized for many years. The ancient Egyptians used turquoise in jewelry. Turquoise is greenish-blue or pale sky blue. The name means "Turkish stone" as it came to Europe by way of Turkey. Turquoise was mined more than 6,000 years ago in Sinai. The best turquoise comes from Iran, but not much is exported now. Much turquoise comes from Mexico and the United States today. https://crystal-cure.com/turquoise.html Why is the Little Colorado River Turquoise Blue?Why is the Little Colorado River Turquoise Blue?
Little Colorado River Why is the Little Colorado River Blue? When you pour a glass of ice cold water out of one of our 7-Gallon Orange Gott Coolers the water may appear colorless, but water is actually a faint blue color. Water’s natural blue color is easy to see when one looks at deep bodies of water such as the oceans, and deep mountain lakes such as Lake Tahoe. The color of water does not come from light scattering(why the sky is blue) nor dissolved elements and compounds(such as copper). Water absorbs the red end of the visible spectrum, thus when we look at water we see the complementary color of orange which is blue. When one observes dark blue water they are looking at deep water that has absorbed most of the orange. When one looks at turquoise colored water they are looking at water that has only absorbed a little of the orange. Pure water actually derives its color from, and is the only known example of natural color caused by vibrational transitions. Vibrational transitions have to do with the molecular form of water. There are other factors that can change the color of pure water. For example the Colorado River when it flows out the bottom of Glen Canyon Dam is green in color due to green algae in the river, and the natural color of the Colorado River is a light tan color due to suspended brownish colored silt. Small particles in rivers can scatter, absorb, and reflect light. In the case of the Little Colorado River and Havasu Creek, they are very rich in lime due to to the sedimentary rock layers they have cut through. In addition to the lime scattering light in these streams, the calcium carbonate in the lime coats the bottom of these waters with a white bottom. The white light reflected off objects can be seen when no part of the light spectrum is reflected significantly more than any other color. Thus in swimming pools, the Little Colorado River, and Havasu Creek, the deeper the water the darker the blue color, due to more orange absorption of the sunlight from the water and the white bottom reflecting all colors equally. Posted August 16, 2011 by Crate Inc. http://www.crateinc.com/blog/2011/08/why-is-the-little-colorado-river-turquoise-blue/ Top 10 Fun Facts About Gold
Most people buy gold strictly for investment purposes, or to have for protection against an economy such as ours incase our dollar collapses. But Gold is not all about investing and protection! Believe it or not, there was actually a time when gold was fun to have and even fun to look for! However, government intervened and now it is almost a necessity to protect yourself from inflation and a flat out collapse of our country. Thats why we want to show some of the fun facts about gold! Here are ten of the top 100 interesting facts about gold that you probably never knew! 10. Gold is used in window glass and astronaut helmets to reflect infrared rays while allowing sunlight to pass through, and at the same time keeping it cool. 9. Gold is chemically liquified and injected into the muscles of thousands of rheumatoid arthritis victims in the U.S., and it is said that the treatment is successful in seven out of ten cases. 8. In every cubic mile of sea water there is 25 tons of gold! That’s a total of about 10 billion tons of gold in the oceans; however, there’s no known way to economically recover it. 7. Gold can be hammered into sheets so thin that a pile of them an inch high would contain more than 200,000 separate sheets. 6. A single ounce of gold can be drawn into a wire 60 miles long. 5. The largest gold nugget found in the U.S. weighed 195 pounds; it came from California. 4. Gold is so heavy that one cubic foot of it weighs half a ton. 3. A one-ounce gold nugget is more rare to find than a five-carat diamond. 2. All of the gold in the world could be compressed into an 18-yard cube, which is about 1/10 the mass of the Washington Monument. 1. Gold is said to be so rare that the world pours more steel in an hour than it has poured gold since time began. If you liked this post on the interesting facts about gold, then you should read our post on the top 6 common uses for gold. Published by: Eric Sepanek http://www.sbcgold.com/blog/top-10-fun-facts-about-gold/ All About Gold!Just the facts • Atomic Number (number of protons in the nucleus): 79 • Atomic Symbol (on the Periodic Table of Elements): Au • Atomic Weight (average mass of the atom): 196.9665 • Density: 19.3 grams per cubic centimeter • Phase at Room Temperature: Solid • Melting Point: 1,947.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1,064.18 degrees C) • Boiling Point: 5,162 degrees F (2,850 degrees C) • Number of isotopes (atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons): Between 18 and 59, depending on where the line for an isotope is drawn. Many artificially created gold isotopes are stable for microseconds or milliseconds before decaying into other elements. One stable isotope. • Most common isotopes: Au-197, which makes up 100 percent of naturally occurring gold. Gold: Shiny star matter Humans have been decorating themselves with gold since at least 4000 B.C., according to the National Mining Association. From Eastern Europe to the Middle East to the tombs of Egyptian Pharaohs, gold appears throughout the ancient world. A Stone Age woman found buried outside of London wore a strand of gold around her neck; Celts in the third century B.C. wore gold dental implants; a Chinese king who died in 128 B.C. was buried with gold-gilded chariots and thousands of other precious objects. Gold is malleable and shiny, making it a good metalworking material. Chemically speaking, gold is a transition metal. Transition metals are unique, because they can bond with other elements using not just their outermost shell of electrons (the negatively charged particles that whirl around the nucleus), but also the outermost two shells. This happens because the large number of electrons in transition metals interferes with the usual orderly sorting of electrons into shells around the nucleus. All the gold that makes up earrings and cufflinks and electronics components today originated in space: According to a 2011 paper in the journal Nature, a meteor bombardment nearly 4 billion years ago brought 20 billion billion tons of a gold-and-precious-metal-rich space rock to Earth. Tracing gold's origin back even further takes us into deep space. A 2013 study in The Astrophysical Journal Letters found that all of the gold in the universe was likely birthed during the collisions of dead stars known as neutron stars. Veins of gold mined from the earth are the result of hot fluids flowing through gold-bearing rock, picking up gold and concentrating it in fractures, according to the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Who knew? • Two-thirds of the world's gold is mined in South Africa, according to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. • Seventy-eight percent of the world's yearly supply of gold is used in jewelry, according to the AMNH. The rest goes to electronics and dental and medical uses. • The atomic symbol of gold, Au, comes from the Latin word for gold, aurum. • Astronaut helmets come equipped with a visor coated with a thin layer of gold. The gold blocks harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. • The world's largest gold crystal is the size of a golf ball and comes from Venezuela. The 7.7-ounce (217.78 grams) crystal is worth about $1.5 million. • Earthquakes can create gold: A 2013 study in the journal Nature Geoscience found that during earthquakes, water in faults and fractures vaporizes, leaving gold behind. • Because gold is soft, it is typically mixed with other metals, or alloys, to give it strength. Measured on the karat scale, pure gold is 24 karats. The word karat derives from the Arabic qirat, or carob bean, according to Merriam-Webster. Carob beans were once used by gold sellers to balance their scales. • The first purely gold coins were manufactured in the Asia Minor kingdom of Lydia in 560 B.C., according to the National Mining Association. • Gold has a number of artificial, unstable isotopes (the exact number depends on the scientist you consult), but occurs naturally only as Au-197. • You can eat gold … if you really want to. Gourmet shops sell edible gold leaf and flakes that add glitter to everything from pastries to vodka to olive oil. Don't fear for your stomach: The gold isn't digested and just passes right through, according to Edible Gold, a company that sells gold leaf. Ongoing research Gold is still used in jewelry, of course, but this element has also gone high-tech. Gold is an excellent conductor of electricity and is very non-reactive with air, water and most other substances, meaning it won't corrode or tarnish. Gold is also used in medicine. The radioactive gold isotope Au-198 can be injected directly into the site of a tumor, where its radiation can destroy tumor cells without much spillover to the rest of the body. In 2012, researchers reported in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that they could link nanoparticles of Au-198 with a compound found in tea leaves to treat prostrate cancer. The tea compound is attracted to the tumor cells, keeping the nanoparticles glued to the right spot for several weeks while the radiation treatment occurs. (The method has yet to be tested on humans.) In some cases, gold nanoparticles are the only way a drug can work. The anti-cancer drug TNF-alpha kills cancer very effectively. Unfortunately, it's also incredibly toxic to healthy cells. However, clinical trials now underway have found that linking TNF-alpha drugs to gold nanoparticles can successfully treat tumors, because the drugs hit their targets directly, according to Benchmarks, an online publication of the National Cancer Institute. There's just one problem with humanity's continued love affair with gold: Getting it out of the ground. About 83 percent of the 2,700 tons of gold mined each year is extracted using a process called gold cyanidation, said Zhichang Liu, a postdoctoral researcher in chemistry at Northwestern University in Illinois. This process uses cyanide to leach gold out of the rock that holds it. Unfortunately, cyanide is toxic, and the process is anything but environmentally friendly. There could be hope for lovers of gold baubles (and electronic circuits and nanomedicine), however. In 2013 Liu and his colleagues reported in the journal Nature Communications that they'd stumbled upon a way to extract gold from ore with benign starch rather than toxic cyanide. "Actually, we found this method by accident," Liu told Live Science. While trying to fabricate a porous material, the researchers mixed a starch called alpha-Cyclodextrin with gold salts (charged molecules of gold). To their surprise, the gold precipitated out of the solution rapidly. The team has patented the method, which easily extracts gold at more than 97 percent purity in one step, Liu said. They're now working with investors to scale up the process. "Hopefully, we can find a nice, green way to replace the cyanidation process," Liu said. Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. http://www.livescience.com/39187-facts-about-gold.html El Dorado El Dorado Legend Snared Sir Walter Raleigh. The scene depicted in this ancient artwork, on display at the Gold Museum in Bogota, Colombia, shows the origin of the El Dorado myth. Legend tells of a Muisca king who would cover himself in gold dust during festivals, then dive from a raft into Lake Guatavita. By Willie Drye The lust for gold spans all eras, races, and nationalities. To possess any amount of gold seems to ignite an insatiable desire to obtain more. Through the centuries, this passion gave rise to the enduring tale of a city of gold. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Europeans believed that somewhere in the New World there was a place of immense wealth known as El Dorado. Their searches for this treasure wasted countless lives, drove at least one man to suicide, and put another man under the executioner's ax. "El Dorado shifted geographical locations until finally it simply meant a source of untold riches somewhere in the Americas," says Jim Griffith, a folklorist in Tucson, Arizona. But this place of immeasurable riches hasn't been found. The origins of El Dorado lie deep in South America. And like all enduring legends, the tale of El Dorado contains some scraps of truth. When Spanish explorers reached South America in the early 16th century, they heard stories about a tribe of natives high in the Andes mountains in what is now Colombia. When a new chieftain rose to power, his rule began with a ceremony at Lake Guatavita. Accounts of the ceremony vary, but they consistently say the new ruler was covered with gold dust, and that gold and precious jewels were thrown into the lake to appease a god that lived underwater. The Spaniards started calling this golden chief El Dorado, "the gilded one." The ceremony of the gilded man supposedly ended in the late 15th century when El Dorado and his subjects were conquered by another tribe. But the Spaniards and other Europeans had found so much gold among the natives along the continent's northern coast that they believed there had to be a place of great wealth somewhere in the interior. The Spaniards didn't find El Dorado, but they did find Lake Guatavita and tried to drain it in 1545. They lowered its level enough to find hundreds of pieces of gold along the lake's edge. But the presumed fabulous treasure in the deeper water was beyond their reach. Raleigh's Quest English courtier Sir Walter Raleigh made two trips to Guiana to search for El Dorado. During his second trip in 1617, he sent his son, Watt Raleigh, with an expedition up the Orinoco River. But Walter Raleigh, then an old man, stayed behind at a base camp on the island of Trinidad. The expedition was a disaster, and Watt Raleigh was killed in a battle with Spaniards. Eric Klingelhofer, an archaeologist at Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, says Walter Raleigh was furious at the survivor who informed him of Watt's death and accused the survivor of letting his son be killed. "The man goes into his cabin on the ship and kills himself," says Klingelhofer, who is trying to find the site of Raleigh's base camp on Trinidad. Raleigh returned to England, where King James ordered him beheaded for, among other things, disobeying orders to avoid conflict with the Spanish. The legend of El Dorado endures because "you want it to be true," says Jose Oliver, a lecturer at the Institute of Archaeology at University College London. "I don't think we've ever stopped seeking El Dorado." So where is this lost city of gold? In his 1849 poem "El Dorado," writer Edgar Allan Poe offers an eerie and eloquent suggestion: Over the Mountains of the Moon, down the Valley of the Shadow, ride, boldly ride…if you seek for El Dorado." http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/el-dorado/ Did you know that nearly 150 million cards are exchanged each Valentine’s Day? Or that more than 40,000 American are employed at chocolate companies? Explore these and dozens more Valentine’s Day facts about cards, chocolate, flowers and candy, the hallmarks of St. Valentine’s Day.
Looking for Love 141 million Valentine’s Day cards are exchanged annually, making Valentine’s Day the second-most popular greeting-card-giving occasion. (This total excludes packaged kids valentines for classroom exchanges.) (Source: Hallmark research) Did You Know? In addition to the U.S., Valentine's Day is celebrated in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Denmark, Italy and Japan. Over 50 percent of all Valentine’s Day cards are purchased in the six days prior to the observance, making Valentine’s Day a procrastinator’s delight. (Source: Hallmark research) Research reveals that more than half of the U.S. population celebrates Valentine’s Day by purchasing a greeting card. (Source: Hallmark research) There are 119 single men (i.e., never married, widowed or divorced) who are in their 20s for every 100 single women of the same ages. Corresponding numbers for the following race and ethnic groups are: •Hispanics: 153 men per 100 women •Asians (single race): 132 men per 100 women (This ratio is not significantly different from that for Hispanics or non-Hispanic whites.) •Non-Hispanic whites (single race): 120 men per 100 women •Blacks (single race): 92 men per 100 women (The numbers of black men and women in this age group are not significantly different from one another. There are 34 single men (i.e., never married, widowed or divorced) age 65 or older for every 100 single women of the same ages. Corresponding numbers for the following race and ethnic groups are: •Hispanics: 38 men per 100 women •Non-Hispanic whites (single race): 33 men per 100 women •Blacks (single race): 33 men per 100 women •Asians (single race): 28 men per 100 women (Note: None of the ratios for the individual groups differ significantly from one another nor from the ratio for all people age 65 or older.) 904: The number of dating service establishments nationwide as of 2002. These establishments, which include Internet dating services, employed nearly 4,300 people and pulled in $489 million in revenues. Be Mine 2.2 million marriages take place in the United States annually. That breaks down to more than 6,000 a day. 112,185 marriages were performed in Nevada during 2008. So many couples “tie the knot” in the Silver State that it ranked fourth nationally in marriages, even though it’s total population that year among states was 35th. The estimated U.S. median ages at first marriage for women and men are 25.9 and 27.6 respectively, in 2008. The age for women rose 4.2 years in the last three decades. The age for men at first marriage is up 3.6 years. Men and women in northeastern states generally have a higher median age at first marriage than the national average. In Massachusetts, for example, women were a median of 27.4 years old and men 29.1 years of age at first marriage. States where people typically marry young include Utah, where women were a median of 21.9 years and men, 23.9 years. 57% and 60% of American women and men, respectively, are 15 or older and currently married (includes those who are separated). 70%: The percentage of men and women ages 30 to 34 in 2008 who had been married at some point in their lives – either currently or formerly. 4.9 million opposite-sex cohabitating couples maintained households in 2005. These couples comprised 4.3 percent of all households. Candy is Dandy 1,241: The number of locations producing chocolate and cocoa products in 2004. These establishments employed 43,322 people. California led the nation in the number of such establishments with 136, followed by Pennsylvania with 122. (Source:http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/cbptotal.html) 515 locations produced nonchocolate confectionary products in 2004. These establishments employed 22,234 people. The total value of shipments in 2004 for firms producing chocolate and cocoa products was $13.9 billion. Nonchocolate confectionery product manufacturing, meanwhile, was a $5.7 billion industry. 3,467 Number of confectionery and nut stores in the United States in 2004. Often referred to as candy stores, they are among the best sources of sweets for Valentine’s Day. The per capita consumption of candy by Americans in 2005 was 25.7 pounds. Candy consumption has actually declined over the last few years; in 1997, each American gobbled or savored more than 27 pounds of candy a year. Flowers The combined wholesale value of domestically produced cut flowers in 2005 for all flower-producing operations with $100,000 or more in sales was $397 million. Among states, California was the leading producer, alone accounting for nearly three-quarters of this amount ($289 million). The combined wholesale value of domestically produced cut roses in 2005 for all operations with $100,000 or more in sales was $39 million. Among all types of cut flowers, roses were third in receipts ($39 million)to lilies ($76.9 million) and tulips ($39.1 million). There were 21,667 florists nationwide in 2004. These businesses employed 109,915 people. Jewelry There were 28,772 jewelry stores in the United States in 2004. Jewelry stores offer engagement, wedding and other rings to lovers of all ages. In February 2006, these stores sold $2.6 billion worth of merchandise. (This figure has not been adjusted for seasonal variation, holiday or trading day differences or price changes). The merchandise at these locations could well have been produced at one of the nation’s 1,864 jewelry manufacturing establishments. The manufacture of jewelry was an $9 billion industry in 2004. http://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day/valentines-day-facts 41 Delicious Facts About Chocolate That You Probably Didn’t Know Fact: It’s delicious. James Grebey BuzzFeed Staff 1. There is a correlation between the amount of chocolate a country consumes on average and the number of Nobel Laureates that country has produced. 2. A jewel thief made off with $28 million dollars of gems in 2007 because he was able to gain the trust of the guards working the bank in Antwerp, Belgium, by repeatedly offering them chocolate. 3. The blood in Psycho’s famous shower scene was actually chocolate syrup. 4. At one point the Nazis plotted to assassinate Winston Churchill with an exploding bar of chocolate. 5. The scientific name for the tree that chocolate comes from, Theobroma cacao, means “food of the gods.” 6. It takes a almost a full year for a cocoa tree to produce enough pods to make 10 standard-sized Hershey bars. 7. Chocolate has over 600 flavor compounds, while red wine has just 200. 8. Theobromine, the compound in chocolate that makes it poisonous to dogs, can kill a human as well. You’d have to be a real glutton to go out this way though, as an average 10-year-old child would have to eat 1,900 Hershey’s miniature milk chocolates to reach a fatal dose. 9. The ancient Maya are believed to be the first people to regularly grow cacao trees and drink chocolate. The Aztecs got it later, but they had to trade for cacao because they couldn’t grow the trees. 10. The word “chocolate” comes from the Aztec word “xocoatl,” which referred to the bitter, spicy drink the Aztecs made from cacao beans. 11. In fact, chocolate was consumed as a liquid, not a solid, for 90% of its history. 12. When the Aztec empire ruled most of Mesoamerica, chocolate was still widely consumed, and cacao seeds were a form of currency. 13. The Aztec emperor Montezuma II drank more than 50 cups of chocolate every day. 14. A wide range of substances have been ground up and mixed with chocolate, including, in the pre-Columbia era, possible dinosaur fossils. 15. During the Revolutionary War, soldiers were sometimes paid in chocolate. 16. It’s believed that people who are allergic to chocolate are actually allergic to cockroaches, as around eight insect parts are typically found in a bar of chocolate, according to the Food and Drug Administration. 17. Chocolate gives you a more intense mental high and gets your heart pounding more than kissing does. 18. Hershey’s Kisses got their name from the kissing sound the machine that deposits the chocolate on the conveyor belt makes. 19. Hershey’s makes 70 million Kisses every day, and enough annually to make a 300,000-mile-long line of Kisses. 20. The inventor of the chocolate chip cookie, Ruth Wakefield, sold her cookie recipe to Nestle in exchange for a lifetime supply of chocolate. 21. Ben & Jerry’s made the first cookie dough ice cream after receiving an anonymous suggestion on their flavor suggestion board in its Burlington, Vermont, shop. 22. There is a rare fourth kind of chocolate in addition to the classic milk, dark, and white varieties: blond chocolate. 23. The film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory was financed by Quaker Oats to promote its new Wonka Bar candy. This is also why the film is called “Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory” instead of “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” like the book it’s based on. 24. The first chocolate bar was invented in 1847 by Joseph Fry. 25. The chocolate industry is worth approximately $110 billion per year. 26. Milky Way candy bars are not named after the galaxy. The name came from the malted milkshakes whose flavor they originally intended to mimic. 27. Three Musketeers bars were originally three pieces to a package, in chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry flavors. They switched to just the one chocolate bar after the price of strawberries increased. 28. In 1947 hundreds of Canadian kids went on strike and boycotted chocolate after the price of a chocolate bar jumped from 5 to 8 cents. 29. Andes Candies were originally called “Andy’s Candys,” after creator George Andrew Kanelos, but he changed the name after he realized men didn’t want to buy their wives or girlfriends chocolates with another man’s name on them. 30. The largest chocolate bar ever weighed just over 12,770 pounds. 31. The most valuable chocolate bar in the world is a 100-year-old Cadbury’s chocolate bar that was brought along on Captain Robert Scott’s first Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic. It sold for $687 at auction in 2001. 32. Chocolate milk was invented in Jamaica. Irish botanist Sir Hans Sloane is usually given credit for mixing chocolate with milk when he was in Jamaica in the early 1700s, though it’s likely he wasn’t the first person on the island to do so. 33. Chocolate milk is an effective post-workout recovery drink. 34. German chocolate cake has nothing to do with Germany. It’s named after its inventor, Sam German. 35. There is a little caffeine in chocolate. Most bars have about 10 milligrams of caffeine in them, but darker chocolates can have as much caffeine as a can of Coca-Cola. 36. A 2013 study found that the scent of chocol37. A 2004 study in London found that 70% of people would reveal their passwords in exchange for a chocolate bar. 38. Americans buy more than 58 million pounds of chocolate on Valentine’s Day every year, making up 5% of sales for the entire year. 39. The Brussels Airport is the biggest chocolate seller in the world, as vendors there sell more than 800 tons of chocolate every year. 40. More than two-thirds of the world’s cocoa is grown in Africa, and Côte d’Ivoire alone produces 33% of the world’s supply. 41. White chocolate technically isn’t chocolate, but you probably already knew that. http://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesgrebey/delicious-facts-about-chocolate#.dhNOrrVOE What Are the Different Types of Wood and Their Uses By Ed Snider There are more than 5,000 species of commercial wood available in the worldwide market. The number is great for each continent has different species of trees indigenous to them. However, generally speaking there are only two types of wood: hardwood and softwood. Hardwood and softwood do not necessarily mean that the wood is either "hard" or "soft". Hardwood comes from deciduous trees or angiosperms. These are trees whose seeds have covers and they shed their leaves annually. Some common examples of hardwoods are: maple, oaks, mahogany, ebony, birch, cherry, holly, balsa, beech and more. Balsa wood is a type of hardwood but it is one of the softest woods around. Softwood are those that come from trees that are conifers or gymnosperms. These cone-bearing trees have seeds that are uncovered and fall from the tree to the ground. Some common examples are: fir, pine, cedar, redwood, hemlock and spruce. Redwood is softwood and it is a fact that it is one of the hardest woods. Both types of wood are used in home construction and in the manufacture of furniture. Here are some common wood descriptions and their uses. Hardwood Variety Walnut - is fine-textured and strong. It resists shrinking and warping and best used for cabinetry, gunstocks, furniture and wall paneling. Mahogany- reddish-brown and fine grained. It resists shrinking, swelling and warping and best used for cabinetry and boat construction. Maple - strong, hard and fine textured. This wood is best used for fine furniture and flooring. Oak - strong yet bendable. It resists absorption of moisture and best used for furniture, desk, boat framing and flooring, furniture, veneers and tool handles. Rosewood - dark reddish-brown and very hard. It is closely grained and is quite hard to work on. Usually used for musical instruments. Cherry- closely grained thus is not prone to warping and shrinking. Ages well and best used for cabinetry, furniture, boat trims and novelty items. Softwood Variety Cedar - reddish with a sweet fragrance. It has a uniform texture that is easy to work on. This wood is best used for constructing chests and other cabinets, roof shingles, dock planks and posts. Pine- has very uniform texture that is easy to work on. It is not susceptible to warping and swelling and is best used for house construction, furniture, paneling, boxes and molding. Fir - has very low resistance to decay but has uniform texture. Best used for doors, furniture, frames, windows, veneer, plywood and trims. Hemlock- is lightweight and uniformly textured. Best used for planks, boards, paneling, crates, sub-flooring and construction lumber. Spruce - is very hard and strong. It decays easily so that wood protection is needed to prevent dry or wet rot. It is lightweight and shrinks moderately. Usually used for spars and masts for ships, crates, boxes, ladders and general millwork. Man-made boards come in different types too. Foremost is the plywood which is made of thin layers of wood that are glued together. Then there are the chipboard and MDF (medium density fiberboard) which are made of wood chips and dust particles glued together to make a board. Lastly, there are the laminated board and blockboard made of wood strips that are glued together. Article Last Updated on: May 29, 2012 ABOUT THE AUTHOR: ED SNIDER There are two basic types of wood that you can use in house construction and furniture making. Know where to source the best timber merchants (http://www.timbermerchantslocally.co.uk) in your locality. http://www.lawyerment.com/library/articles/Home_Improvement/Furniture_and_Lighting/3721.htm Facts About BrownColor Meaning: Meaning of The Color Brown
November 25, 2010 TJennifer Bourn This post is part of the Color Meaning Blog Series, detailing the meanings associated with colors such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, grey, black, white, brown, pink, turquoise, gold, silver, and beige. Brown, the color of earth, wood, stone, wholesomeness, reliability, elegance, security, healing, home, grounding, foundations, stability, warmth, and honesty, is a natural, neutral color that is typically associated with the seasons of fall and winter. The color brown is a warm color that stimulates the appetite. While it is sometimes considered dull, it also represents steadfastness, simplicity, friendliness, dependability, and health. Shades of brown when combined with green create a palette often used to convey concepts of recycling, earth-friendly, or all natural. Dark brown can be used in place of black and brings warmth to color palettes. The brown color says stability, reliability, dependability, and approachability. It is the color of our soil, growth, fertility, and earth, and it is associated the concepts of “all natural” and “organic.” Brown is the color of the Earth and is comforting and nurturing. The color brown affects the mind and body by creating feelings of wholesomeness, stability, and peace. Brown provides feelings of organization, history, and connection, as well as cozy feelings of relaxation and warmth. Brown is believed to help create a wholesome feeling, a connection with the earth, and a sense of orderliness and convention. Brown is a stable and grounded color that is believed to help you feel like you fit in and belong. Other meanings associated with the color brown: The term “brown bottle” refers to a bottle of beer. To “brown” something is to cook or burn it. The saying “brown-nose” refers to someone who sucks up, or kisses butt to someone of authority. The phrase “brown study” is used to describe someone who is aloof, indifferent. The expression “brown out” refers to a partial loss of service. Additional words that represent different shades, tints, and values of the color brown: sienna, bay, sand, wood, dapple, auburn, chestnut, nut-brown, cinnamon, russet, tawny, chocolate, tan, brunette, fawn, liver-colored, mahogany, oak, bronze, terra-cotta, toast, umber, cocoa, coffee, copper, ecru, ginger, hazel, khaki, ochre, puce, snuff-colored. http://www.bourncreative.com/meaning-of-the-color-brown/ Blue is a cool colour, it’s the colour of the sky and sea. It symbolises stability, loyalty, confidence, intelligence and peace. Read the facts! 1.Studies show weight-lifters are able to handle heavier weights in blue gyms. 2.In ancient Rome, blue was worn by the public servants, which marked the beginning of the idea for today’s police uniforms. 3.In factories, blue often marks equipment to be repaired. 4.Blue is associated with air mail and the navy. 5.A survey has shown blue to be the best-selling colour in women’s sweaters because women think men like it. 6.It is the colour most preferred by men. 7.The colour blue has a Biblical meaning symbolizing heavenly grace. The Virgin Mary is often depicted wearing blue clothing. 8.In India, blue is thought to bring bad luck and is associated with mourning. 9.Blue was traditionally associated with pain in China. 10.Blue is a primary colour. 11.8% of the world’s population have blue eyes. 12.In the UK, a blue ribbon can be the symbol of testicular cancer awareness. 13.In the United States post office mailboxes are typically blue. 14.Blue is the favoured colour choice for toothbrushes. 15.The colour blue is the least common colour in the foods we eat. 16.Blueberries are the favourite of blue foods. 17.Mosquitoes are attracted to the colour blue twice as much as to any other colour. 18.Blue birds can’t see the colour blue. 19.Owls are the only birds who can see the colour blue! 20.Light blue was first recorded as a colour term in English in 1915. 21.Blue is often used to decorate offices because research has shown that people are more productive in blue rooms. 22.Blue skittles were not out until 15 years after the original skittles. 23.The phrase ‘Feeling blue’ means to feel sad or unhappy. 24.The phrase ‘once in a blue moon’ means an event that occurs infrequently. http://www.thefactsite.com/2011/03/25-facts-about-colour-blue.html Why Skies are BlueWhy Skies are Blue
From outer space the Earth appears as a blue oasis in the dark vastness. From the Earths's surface skies appear blue, white, orange and red. The sunlight consists of all the colours of the rainbow. Together, these colours appear white. More than 40km (25 miles) above the Earth, the sky is black (1). As "white" sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, blue to violet light is scattered by molecules in the air. (2) Normally, light travels in a straight line unless it hits something (i.e. molecules, dust, pollution, water droplets) that causes it to bounce off (or scatter) in different directions. The size of the particle determines how the light is scattered. Small particles scatter the shorter wavelengths (violet to blue), larger particles scatter the longer ones, like red. Eventually particles become large enough to reflect all wavelengths and the light appears white. Air molecules are just the right size to scatter the shorter wavelengths of blue to violet. (3) The blue scattering begins at around 25km (18 miles) up. The longer wavelengths, like red, continue more or less unimpeded to the surface (4). The blue light waves are scattered all over the sky up and down in all directions. So, no matter which direction you look, blue light (or the scattered blue light waves) appears (5). On hazy days, moisture droplets (or numbers water particles larger in size than air molecules) reflect all wavelengths equally making the sky appear either white or grey. Sometimes, pollution affects the skies' colour. The sky can appear to be brown or yellow because particles of the right size scatter those colours. All colours seen in the sky are the result of scattering caused by molecules or particles in the atmosphere. http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Why-Skies-are-Blue.htm 10 "Scary" Fun Facts You Don't Know About November's Stone, Citrine Halloween is fun time to celebrate the color orange, and a perfect opportunity to introduce one of our favorite gemstones, citrine!
Not only is citrine the go-to gemstone for the November birthday, it holds sophistication that you just don't see everyday. Citrine, with its rich deep golden hue, feels warm and looks elegant. But, this beautiful gemstone has been ignored over the years for one reason or another. We're here to show you why citrine should not be ignored with these "scary" fun facts that we think everyone should know about this sophisticated stone. What does citrine look like? Having such a beautiful golden color, it makes sense to have it set in yellow gold. When it is, it almost becomes one with the metal and magically adorns the wearer. When citrine is set in white gold or platinum, suddenly a crisp and contemporary look is achieved. Here are a few examples from our collection set in both gold and platinum: 10 "Scary" Fun Facts You Don't Know About November's Stone, Citrine 10 "Scary" Fun Facts You Don't Know About November's Stone, Citrine10 "Scary" Fun Facts You Don't Know About November's Stone, Citrine We bet you didn't know... 1. Citrine is a transparent variety of quartz, the second most abundant mineral in the Earth. 2. Citrine is associated with the values of hope, strength, cheerfulness, youth, health, and fidelity. It has been believed to promote creativity, helps personal clarity and eliminates self-destructive tendencies. 3. The name citrine comes from an old French word "citrin," meaning lemon. As one of the more rare forms of quartz, this gemstone ranges in color from the palest yellow to a dark amber. 4. The Romans were thought to be the first to wear the yellow quartz, crafting it into highly polished but unfaceted cuts of stone known as cabachon. 5. Citrine became more popular during the Romantic Period which was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. 6. According to Chinese legends, citrine is "The Stone of Success," and it should be given to generous people only. Citrine jewelry was deeply appreciated by ancient Chinese emperors for their ability to increase intellectual capabilities and broaden the mind. Today, citrine is used by modern Chinese students to help them succeed on exams. Many Chinese professors and teachers also use it when lecturing. Citrine is widely used in China during gem stone healing sessions to produce feelings and emotions and thoughts of abundance. 7. Citrine, like all forms of quartz, was believed during the European Early Modern Period to have magical powers and was worn as a talisman against evil thoughts and snake venom. 8. Most citrine is mined in Brazil. Small quantities of citrine are found in Russia, Colorado, Madagascar, Bolivia, Burma (Myanmar), Canada, Sri Lanka, Spain, and U.S. 9. Citrine is attributed with two divine deities: Demeter, the Greek goddess of harvest who is associated with productivity and Sekhmet, the Egyptian goddess of war who is associated with power. 10. Citrine has a Mohs Scale Hardness of 7, meaning it is not easily scratched and is durable enough to avoid scratching and chipping during daily wear. http://blog.longsjewelers.com/jewelry/citrine-november-stone Citrine the Gem StoneLet's suppose that someone has bought a moped, yet his friends and acquaintances keep talking about his 'wonderful racing machine'. He surely feels confused, or feels that they are taking the mickey out of him. A moped was exactly what he wanted for short trips in good weather, but even the salesman said that he was now in possession of a 'real flyer'. That's roughly how things go with the citrine, the stone for the month of November. Many people have come to know and love this stone under the name gold topaz, or Madeira or Spanish topaz, although in actual fact it has very little in common with the higher-quality gemstone topaz - except for a few nuances of color. Thus the history of the citrine is closely interwoven with that of the topaz, and coincides with it completely when it comes to the interpretation of alleged miraculous powers. However, the citrine is a member of the large quartz family, a family which, with its multitude of colors and very various structures, offers gemstone lovers almost everything their hearts desire in terms of adornment and decoration, from absolutely clear rock crystal to black onyx. And it does so at prices which are by no means unaffordable. The name is derived from the color - the yellow of the lemon - , although the most sought-after stones have a clear, radiant yellowish to brownish red. Like all crystal quartzes, the citrine has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and is thus, to a large extent, insensitive to scratches. It won't immediately take offence at being knocked about either, since its cleavage properties are non-existent. Even if their refractive index is relatively low, the yellow stones have just that mellow, warm tone that seems to have captured the last glow of autumn. Like golden Rhine wine or sparkling Madeira, heavy and sweet, citrine jewelry shimmers and brings a hint of sunshine to those dull November days. There are not many yellow gemstones in the world of jewels. A diamond or a sapphire may be yellow - those will be expensive -, or sometimes a tourmaline or chrysoberyl, though these tend toward green somewhat, a golden beryl or eben a pure topaz, which we will mention again later on. However, the citrine fulfils everyone's color wishes, from lemon yellow to reddish brown. Rare though it is, yellow does in fact occur in quartz in Nature, if seldom, when there are traces of iron in the silicon dioxide. Historically, it has been found in Spain, on the Scottish island of Arran, in France, Hungary and in several mines overseas. Perhaps the citrine wouldn't have been talked about any more at all if, in the middle of the 18th century, it had not been for the discovery that amethysts and smoky quartzes can also be rendered yellow by so-called burning. This heat treatment at temperatures of between 470 and 560 degrees has to be carried out very carefully and requires a great deal of experience. However, in the course of 200 years, its application has become so much a matter of course that most of the stones available in the trade today are in fact burnt amethysts or smoky quartzes. Only a trained specialist can recognize the signs of heat treatment at all, burnt stones having subtle stripes whilst the yellow of natural ones is cloudy. In Europe, the boom on these yellow to reddish crystal quartzes didn't begin until, in the 1930s, expatriate agate cutters from Idar-Oberstein sent large quantities of citrine back home, along with amethyst and agate, from Brazil and Uruguay. Thus the golden-yellow quartzes made a contribution to Idar-Oberstein's becoming - and remaining - one of the world's great gemstone centers. Just as they had been used to doing with agate and other kinds of quartz, the cutters faceted the citrine using large, rotating sandstones over decades. The raw stone was actually held in the cutter's hand during this process. If you give that a little thought, it will occur to you just how skilled the cutters from the Hunsrück really were. The supply of Europe with sufficient raw material came just at the right moment for the nascent upheaval in social conditions. As the bourgeoisie grew in strength, the demand for jewelry across a broader spectrum of social strata also grew, and the citrine found a permanent niche for itself. Since until then it was really only the topaz which was known and used as a gold-colored gemstone, the yellow and brown crystal quartzes quickly became very popular among the ladies, being known as gold topaz or smoky topaz, or by the double-barreled names that proclaimed their origin. However, they were also found in step and table cuts as cuff-links and rings in the evening wardrobe of fine gentlemen. At the beginning, perhaps, the notion "it's all on the surface" may have played a part. But there was no other stone to which the wrong name clung as doggedly as the citrine. Even now, jewelry enthusiasts with no specialist knowledge may be astounded when you tell them that their 'gold topaz' is a citrine, in other words not a topaz at all, but quartz. So what is it that constitutes the difference between the real topaz and the citrine? A fluorine aluminum silicate in chemical terms, the topaz is considerably harder and heavier than quartz, and it has a higher refractive index, which endows it with more fire when the color is good. It does have one weakness: its good cleavage qualities, which must be taken into account when it is being worked on. It can be found in all the colors of the rainbow and has been known to Man for at least 2000 years. It has not been proved beyond doubt whether the name comes from Sanskrit or Greek, though the Greek name 'topazos' means 'green gemstone'. The Romans dedicated the topaz to Jupiter. The colour in which the topaz is most commonly found is yellow, and that is the colour in which it occurs in one of the major German gemstone rocks, the Schneckenstein (a topaz-bearing rock said to resemble a snail) in Saxony. In the 18th century, it was mined there during a period of over 60 years. However, most of the crystals were hardly a centimetre in diameter. You had to go to Siberia or Brazil to find crystals as large as your fist. Having said that, anyone who is interested can convince himself of the beauty of cut specimens in the topaz set in Dresden's Grünes Gewölbe (Green Vault). The enormous and magnificent topaz from the Portuguese crown, the Braganza, was for a long time thought to be a diamond. In mysticism, the topaz is attributed with a cooling, styptic and appetising effect. It is said to dispel sadness, anger and nocturnal fears, to warn its wearer of poisons and protect him or her from sudden death. It is reputed to make men handsome and intelligent and sterile women fertile and happy. However, it is probably better not to rely too much on its magical powers, since it was also claimed that you could immerse your hand in boiling water after a topaz had been thrown into it and retract it again unharmed! In the Empire style, the topaz was still widespread, but then the more reasonably priced citrine took over from it and even usurped its name. Since then, the topaz has been a rather exotic figure in the jewellery trade, and has been given the additional predicate 'pure' to make it clear that the topaz, not the quartz topaz, is meant. And it is still waiting for its comeback to this day. http://www.gemstone.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104:sapphire&catid=1:gem-by-gem&Itemid=14 10 Surprising Facts About Pumpkins
Forget pumpkin spice — the real thing is even cooler. 1. The word "pumpkin" showed up for the first time in the fairy tale Cinderella. A French explorer in 1584 first called them "gros melons," which translates into Latin as "pepon," which means large melon. It wasn't until the 17th century that they were first referred to as pumpkins. 2. The original jack-o'-lanterns were made with turnips and potatoes by the Irish. In England, they used large beets and lit them with embers to ward off evil spirits. Irish immigrants brought their customs to America, but found that pumpkins were much easier to carve. 3. Over 1.5 billion pounds of pumpkin are produced each year in the United States. The top pumpkin-producing states are Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California. Pumpkins are also grown on every continent except Antarctica. 4. The world's largest pumpkin was more than five feet in diameter and weighed over 1,800 pounds. It was presented in Minnesota in October 2010. 5. The largest pumpkin pie ever baked weighed 2,020 pounds. Pumpkin pie originated in the colonies, just not as we know it today. Colonists would cut the tops of pumpkins off, remove the seeds, and fill the pumpkins with milk, spices, and honey, and bake them in hot ashes. 6. Each pumpkin has about 500 seeds. And they take between 90 and 120 days to grow. High in iron, they can be roasted to eat. The flowers that grow on pumpkin vines are also edible. 7. Delaware hosts an annual "Punkin Chunkin" championship. Teams compete in a pumpkin launching competition, where pumpkins are shot almost 5,000 feet from an air cannon. 8. There are over 45 different varieties of pumpkin. They range in color like red, yellow, and green, and have names like Hooligan, Cotton Candy, and Orange Smoothie. 9. Pumpkins are fruits. More specifically, they are a winter squash in the family Cucurbitacae, which includes cucumbers and melons. 10. Pumpkins are 90% water. And that makes them low calorie. One cup of canned pumpkin only has 83 calories and only half a gram of fat. In comparison, the same serving size of sweet potato has triple the calories. They also have more fiber than kale, more potassium than bananas, and are full of heart-healthy magnesium and iron. Photo credit: Moncherie/Getty Images http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-nutrition/a22544/facts-about-pumpkins/ Facts About Oranges! Orange Facts for Kids Check out our fun orange facts for kids. Learn interesting information about orange juice, vitamin C and the different uses we have for oranges. What is orange jam called? What are the best conditions to grow oranges? Find out the answers to these questions and much more with our fun orange facts for kids! •The orange is a citrus fruit and is a hybrid of the pomelo and mandarin. •Oranges have been grown since ancient times and originated in Southeast Asia. •As of 2010, Brazil grows one third of all the world’s oranges. •California and Florida are large producers of oranges in the US. •Around 85% of all oranges produced are used for juice. •Marmalade is orange jam. •Oranges have a high amount of vitamin C. •Oranges are domesticated so you are unlikely to find them growing naturally in the wild. •Because oranges do not spoil easily and are full of vitamin C during the years of world exploration sailors planted orange and other citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy which is a disease that develops from a deficiency of vitamin C. •It is believed that Christopher Columbus was the first to bring orange seeds to America during his second voyage to the region in 1493. •There are now over 600 varieties of oranges worldwide. •There are typically ten segments inside an orange. •Ideal conditions for growing oranges are in sub-tropical areas that have good amounts of sunshine yet moderate to warm temperatures (15.5°C - 29°C (60°F - 84 °F). •Orange peel can be used by gardeners to sprinkle over vegetables as a slug repellent. •The white orange blossom, is the state flower of Florida. It is highly fragrant and has long been used in weddings as cake decoration, in bridal bouquets and in head wreaths. The blossom essence is an important component in the making of perfume and the petals can also be made into "orange blossom/flower water". http://snip.ly/LNaQ#http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/food/oranges.html The Meanings of Red
red-magic-fire-blood Red is the color of extremes. It’s the color of passionate love, seduction, violence, danger, anger, and adventure. Our prehistoric ancestors saw red as the color of fire and blood – energy and primal life forces – and most of red’s symbolism today arises from its powerful associations in the past. Red is also a magical and religious color. It symbolized super-human heroism to the Greeks and is the color of the Christian crucifixion. Red was almost as rare and as expensive as purple in ancient days – a fact that may explain its magic and power. Paradoxically, today’s intense red dyes come from crushed insects (the lac beetle and the cochineal). Global Meanings of Red Red’s global similarities are significant: Red is one of the top two favorite colors of all people. Red is the most popular color used on flags in the world. Approximately 77% of all flags include red. Red is the international color for stop. Red districts sell sex and pornography in every European culture. The history of languages reveals that red is the first color after black and white. (All languages have words for black and white. If a third hue exists, it is red.) Unique Meanings of Red in Different Cultures Red Bridal Wear - Asia Red is the color of good luck in Asia and is the most popular color in China. Most Japanese children draw the sun as a big red circle. In East Asian stock markets, red is used to denote a rise in stock prices. (Note: In North American stock markets, red is used to denote a drop in stock prices.) Red is an auspicious color for marriage. Brides in India and Nepal wear red saris; in Japan, a red kimono symbolizes happiness and good luck. Designing with Red All reds are not created equal. Aside from light and dark shades of red, there are two kinds of red: Tomato red and Berry red Yellow-based reds are “tomato” reds. Blue-based reds are “berry reds.” Some say that males are more attracted to the tomato reds: females to the berry reds. 3-red-squares Context is everything when using red. For example, when red is place on a black background, it glows with an otherworldly fire; on a white background, red appears somewhat duller; in contrast with orange, red appears lifeless. Notice that the red square appears larger on black. Regardless of how it is used in a design, a little bit of red goes a long way. How Red Affects Vision Red Fire Engine Red captures attention. It is one of the most visible colors, second only to yellow - which explains why it is used on fire engines and stop signs to trigger alertness. Red focuses behind the retina which forces the lens grows more convex to pull it forward. Therefore, we perceive that red areas are moving forward. This may explain why red captures attention. Note: Eight percent of the male population has a red-green color vision deficiency and cannot see red at all Myths about Red “They” claim that red raises your blood pressure and quickens your heartbeat. Yes, red is a strong color but its immediate effects are only temporary and do not apply to everyone. Tidbits - Points to Ponder In Russia, the word for "red" means beautiful. http://www.colormatters.com/the-meanings-of-colors/red The Meanings of Orange
Orange sunset and orange sports car Orange is vibrant. It’s hot, healthy, fruity and engaging – but it can be abrasive and crass. It’s a polarizing color. People either love it or detest it. Oranges fruitOrange is the only color of the spectrum whose name was taken from an object, the popular fruit - the orange. In nature it’s the color of vivid sunsets, fire, vegetables, flowers, fish, and many citrus fruits. In our contemporary world, orange is the color of marmalade, Halloween, traffic cones, life rafts, cheetos, and Halloween. Orange symbolizes energy, vitality, cheer, excitement, adventure, warmth, and good health. However, pure orange can be brass; however, it may suggest a lack of serious intellectual values and bad taste. Orange is currently a trendy, hip color. It was a “groovy color” back in the 70s and then it faded away. In 1991, an article in Forbes magazine about how orange affects consumer choices concluded that orange meant cheap. (Note: “Cheap” in this case meant a good buy for the money.) It’s worth noting that there are many shades of orange – and different meanings. Some may be more appealing to those who find orange difficult: terracotta or cayenne – a dark orange, persimmon - a red-orange, pumpkin - a pure orange, mango - a yellow orange, salmon - a pink orange, melon - a light orange,. 6 oranges - terracotta, persimmon, pumpkin, mango, salmon, melon Darker oranges offer a sense of comfort; some are spicy, some are earthy. Lighter oranges are soothing and healthy. Global Meanings of Orange Orange's global similarities are significant: Orange evokes the taste of healthy fruits, bursting with juice. Orange is associated with vitamin C and good health. Orange is symbolic of autumn. Children all over the world are drawn to orange. Orange is the color of life rafts, hazard cones, and high visibility police vests. Unique Meanings of Orange in Different Cultures Orange is both the name and emblematic color of the royal family. Orange is the color of prison uniforms in the U.S. Orange (saffron) is a sacred and auspicious color in Hinduism. The middle traffic light is orange in France. In the U.K., orange stands for the Northern Irish Protestants and has very strong religious and political significance. Designing with Orange Orange is an excellent example of this design rule: There are no bad colors; only bad color combinations. orange & blue The complementary color scheme – orange and blue – is dynamic. Orange-Green-Purple The triad color scheme – orange, green, and purple – is exceptional. How Orange Affects Vision Safety orange traffic cones and vest “Safety orange” is used to set objects apart from their surroundings, particularly in complementary contrast to the azure color of the sky. It’s used for hunting and construction zone marking devices. Myths about the Effects of Orange on the Body Orange is used to increase immunity, to increase sexual potency, to help in all digestive ailments, chest and kidney diseases. Tidbits – Points to Ponder "Orange is red brought nearer to humanity by yellow." Wassily Kandinsky Nothing rhymes with orange. http://www.colormatters.com/the-meanings-of-colors/orange All About the Color Black
Black is authoritative and powerful; because black can evoke strong emotions, too much can be overwhelming. Black represents a lack of color, the primordial void, emptiness. It is a classic color for clothing, possibly because it makes the wearer appear thinner and more sophisticated. HOW THE COLOR BLACK AFFECTS US PHYSICALLY •makes one feel inconspicuous •provides a restful emptiness •is mysterious by evoking a sense of potential and possibility THE MEANING OF BLACK AROUND THE GLOBE •In Chinese culture, colors corresponded with the five primary elements, the directions, and the four seasons. Black was associated with water, north, and winter. •In Aztec culture, black represented war because black obsidian glass was used as the cutting edge of battle swords. It was also the symbol of religion; priests wore no other color but black. •In the west, black is the color of mourning but the custom of wearing unadorned black clothing for mourning dates back at least to the Roman Empire, when the Toga pulla made of dark-colored wool was worn during periods of mourning. •In rural areas of Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece widows will wear black for the rest of their lives. The immediate family members of the deceased will wear black for an extended period of time. •In England, taxi cabs are traditionally black. •In China, black is a traditional clothing color for boys. POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BLACK •Mussolini’s Fascist militia was known as “the Blackshirts.” •Black is the color of the Portuguese political party Leftwing Bloc. INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT BLACK •A black cat crossing one’s path is considered bad luck in many cultures, except in England, where spotting a black cat is considered good luck. •Black implies weight — people will think a black box weighs more than a white one. •The color black is associated with sophistication and power…tuxedos, limousines, judge’s robes, and priests’ attire are all typically black. •Musicians in an orchestra pit often wear all black during live concerts, so as not to draw attention away from the stage performers. •The color black is so widely regarded as sophisticated in fashion that the term “the new black” is often used to describe and give merit to a color trend. •One old wives’ tale claims that if a woman is buried wearing the color black, she’ll come back to haunt the family. • Do. Black symbolizes the combination of all colors of the universe. From black, all colors originate and spring up to create the lively rainbow. The Black Belt is the beginning of true achievement, understanding and wisdom, and blending the mind and the body into one, into a unity within oneself and with the universe. BLACK IN ATHLETICS AND SPORTS •Football teams include the Oakland Raiders, New Orleans Saints, and Carolina Panthers. •Baseball teams include the Chicago White Sox, San Francisco Giants, and Pittsburgh Pirates. •Dr. Jigor Kano, founder of Judo, created divisions among students using Belt colors, in order to give students recognition for certain achievements. The Black Belt is the highest color belt in most martial arts, including ITF and WTF of Tae Kwon BLACK AS A SIGNATURE COLOR •Johnny Cash — This country music icon was referred to as “the man in black.” •Roy Orbison — His trademark black sunglasses caused a lot of speculation. •Kiss — American rock band Kiss was known for their black wigs, black clothes, and painted faces. COMPANIES OR BRANDS IDENTIFIED WITH BLACK •Chanel {See more brand, trademark, & signature colors} POPULAR PHRASES THAT INCLUDE THE COLOR BLACK •Black comedy: creating comedy out of a tragic event or situation •Black coffee: coffee without milk •Black belt: the highest awarded belt in the martial arts •Blackball: voting against someone in a secret manner to prevent them from becoming a member of a club •Blackmail: to demand payment or action by means of a threat •Black sheep: a bad character in an otherwise respectable group •Black day: a bad day; often used before the name of a paticular day to symbolize a tragic event, such as black Tuesday or black Friday. Please note that while the terms above illustrate how black has historically been used in language, equating black to negativity is outmoded and using these terms could be hurtful. Like color, language is a powerful tool, so please always choose your colors and words wisely. {See our list of popular phrases that include color} QUOTES ABOUT BLACK •“I’ve been 40 years discovering that the queen of all colors was black.” — Pierre-Auguste Renoir •“Black is real sensation, even if it is produced by entire absence of light. The sensation of black is distinctly different from the lack of all sensations.” — Hermann von Helmholtz •“I wear the black for the poor and the beaten down, / Livin’ in the hopeless, hungry side of town, / I wear it for the prisoner who has long paid for his crime, / But is there because he’s a victim of the times.” — Johnny Cash •“Without black, no color has any depth. But if you mix black with everything, suddenly there’s shadow – no, not just shadow, but fullness. You’ve got to be willing to mix black into your palette if you want to create something that’s real.” — Amy Grant •“People can have the Model T in any color – so long as it’s black.” — Henry Ford •“Black is not a color.” — Edouard Manet •“There’s something about black. You feel hidden away in it.” — Georgia O’Keeffe •“Black seems to make a colour cloudy, but darkness doesn’t. A ruby could thus keep getting darker without ever becoming cloudy; but if it became blackish red, it would become cloudy.” — Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein •“Black is a color of power and strength, and to see all those players, with the captains linking their arms in front – it’s a powerful picture.” –Hayden Fry {See entire list of quotes about color} WHAT IT SAYS ABOUT YOU WHEN YOU BUY A BLACK VEHICLE •There is no question that the vehicle you drive is an extension of your personality — an unspoken but clear message to the rest of the world. •The message you send by driving a Black vehicle: Empowered, not easily manipulated, loves elegance, appreciates classics. From The Color Answer Book by Leatrice Eiseman with permission {See what the color of the vehicle you buy says about you} SONGS WITH BLACK IN THE TITLE •Baby’s in Black by The Beatles •Paint it Black by The Rolling Stones •Back in Black by AC/DC •Back To Black by Lucinda Williams •Black and Blue by Van Halen •Black and White by Three Dog Night •Black Betty by Lynyrd Skynyrd •Black Country Woman by Led Zeppelin •Black Crow Blues by Bob Dylan •Black Magic Woman by Carlos Santana •Black Velvet by Alannah Myles BLACK IN THE GARDEN •Why grow black flowers? Not just for the sake of having a conversation piece in your garden, although they are good for that. The best reason is because they have so many design uses. For example, black flowers are great for cooling down hot colors, like fire-engine-red ‘Lucifer’ crocosmia or hot-orange Mexican sunflower. – Garden Gate Magazine •The magic of black flowers has attracted our attention for centuries. Black tulips and black roses appear to originate from a fairytale world. •A pure black flower is the Holy Grail of plant breeders worldwide. Their improbable and “unnatural” color inspires a powerful feeling of mystical expectation. {Read more about black flowers from the Flowers and Plants Association} •Creating a black garden needs to be given some thought. Is your aim formal or modern? Do you wish to use black as accents and highlights or as the main color? Forget people who say that black cannot be used on its own and don’t argue over what is or is not black, just simply plant it. Use the differing tones and hues to enhance the overall feeling. Be certain of one thing: this color is not gloomy. It is modern, vibrant, and sexy. It mixes so easily with other colors of the spectrum, above all with green, chartreuse, gold, and silver. – Karen Platt BLACK AND OUR SENSE OF TASTE •Black tea accounts for over 90% of the tea consumption in the western world. The characteristic flavors of black tea range from flowery to fruity, nutty, and spicy and emerge during the production process. – SpecialTeas •A pinch of black pepper is added to almost every type of recipe imaginable. Once used as currency and presented to the gods as a sacred offering, it is fortunate that this most popular of spices is available throughout the year. – whfoods.org •True licorice candy contains an extract from the root of the licorice plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra. This licorice root has been used since ancient times to flavor and sweeten candies, teas, throat lozenges, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Today many, but not all, black licorice candies are flavored with licorice extract. – Hersheys.com BLACK AND OUR SENSE OF SMELL •Anise: Licorice scent. An all time favorite of licorice lovers. Aromatherapy benefits: Cheering, sense-enhancing, mildly euphoric. – Scent It.com •Licorice: mysterious, spicy-sharp, almost louche — as scents go, licorice is notoriously polarizing. Blended into perfumes, it gives otherwise ho-hum fragrances a “sexy, murky spin.” – Cristina Mueller (Lucky magazine Sept. 2006) •“Licorice” was the original scent of the black colored Magic Scents Crayons from Binney & Smith Inc., introduced in 1994 with mostly food scents. However, there were numerous reports that children were eating the food-scented crayons, so the food scents were retired and replaced with non-food scents. The scent for the color black became “leather jacket.” TELL US WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT THE COLOR BLACK Is there something you know about black that should be included here? Great! We’d love to hear from you. Share what you know about black (or any other color) by clicking here. http://www.sensationalcolor.com/color-meaning/color-meaning-symbolism-psychology/all-about-the-color-black-4382#.VeDsDZrlvIU FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE | Fri Sep 07 16:42:03 EDT 2012 ACS to recognize fluorescent color as a Landmark in chemistry, Sept. 8 in Cleveland CLEVELAND, OHIO — The psychedelic, swirling colors emblematic of the 1960s fluoresce with intensity previously unknown to printing inks, pigments, and paints. On Sept. 8, the American Chemical Society (ACS) will designate the development of DayGlo fluorescent pigments as a National Historic Chemical Landmark in a ceremony at the Great Lakes Science Center in Cleveland, Ohio. “Fluorescent pigments are a universally recognizable and truly iconic scientific development,” said William F. Carroll, Ph.D., Chair, ACS Board of Directors. “Beyond being ubiquitous in our everyday lives, from construction cones to clothing, fluorescent colors are a symbol of safety and protection that improve our daily lives. Today, construction workers, firefighters, crossing guards and countless others are safer and more visible because they wear brilliant, fluorescing colors.” On behalf of ACS, Carroll will present a plaque honoring the development of DayGlo fluorescent pigments to Steve Jackson, President of Day-Glo Color Corp. Mr. Jackson, speaking of the award said, “We are honored to be included in the National Historic Chemical Landmarks program. The honor is an admirable tribute to the spirit of American innovation and entrepreneurship exhibited by the scientists and visionaries that created our company. The history of fluorescent pigments is a wonderful tale of discovery and development, and a prime example of how the disciplines of chemistry and engineering can be applied to create an entirely new class of material.” Starting in the 1930s, the Switzer brothers translated their technical know-how into the creation of new pigments that were brighter than anything previously known. Daylight fluorescent pigments—the kind developed by chemists at Day-Glo Color Corp.—convert energy from outside the visible light spectrum (including ultraviolet light) into longer wavelengths that are visible to the human eye. This creates the visual effect of super brilliance, and is comparatively brighter than standard colors. These products became known as DayGlo fluorescents. The onset of World War II led to new uses of fluorescent technology. Fluorescent fabric panels were used by troops in North Africa to identify themselves as friendly to Allied aircraft, and fluorescing materials allowed Allied forces to use aircraft carriers at night, an advantage over the Japanese military. Growth in the use of fluorescent pigments for marketing and packaging took off following the War, and by the 1960s, fluorescent colors had become ubiquitous with the emergence of psychedelic posters, clothing, toys, and accessories. Safety products, too, became a major market for fluorescent colors. Today, firefighters, construction workers, crossing guards, and many others are identified by the fluorescent colors emblazoned on their uniforms. ACS established the National Historic Chemical Landmarks program in 1992 to recognize seminal events in the history of chemistry and to increase awareness of the contributions of chemistry to the well-being of society. Other events recognized through this program have included the world’s first synthetic plastic, the discovery of penicillin, the development of Tide® laundry detergent, and the work of notable chemists such as Joseph Priestley and George Washington Carver. For more information about the program, visitwww.acs.org/landmarks. Electric BlueElectric blue (color) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Electric blue is a color close to cyan that is a representation of the color of lightning, an electric spark, and argon sign (including a small part of mercury)s; it is named after the ionized air glow produced during electrical discharges. The first recorded use of electric blue as a color name in English was in 1845. The color electric blue (the version shown below as medium electric blue) was in vogue in the 1890s. The deep tone of electric blue displayed at right is the color called bleu électrique in the Pourpre.com color list, a color list widely popular in France. Still today, this tone of electric blue is a typical contemporary "electric blue" fabric color that is used in manufacturing for the mass market. Dark electric blue is a dark cyan color that is the color called electric blue in the ISCC-NBS color list. The Electric blue crayfish is a species of freshwater crayfish endemic to Florida. The Electric Blue Gecko was first discovered by biologist William in the 1950s. The color electric blue is associated with the astrological sign of Aquarius. The color electric blue is used in the logo and site of Arch Linux, a popular Linux distribution. An electric blue dress features in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches", a Sherlock Holmes story. "Electric Blue" is a 1987 song released by the Australian band Icehouse, co-written with John Oates. Electric/Blue is a 1997 jazz fusion album by Joe Deninzon. Electric Blue is the debut solo album by Erasure frontman Andy Bell, released October 3, 2005. The Electric Blue 14 are a rock band based in London, England. "Strange Brew" is a song by the band Cream from the 1967 album Disraeli Gears which features the lyric "She's a witch of trouble in electric blue". "Sound and Vision" is a 1977 song released by David Bowie which features the lyric "Blue, blue, electric blue. That's the colour of my room". "The Art of Storytelling, pt.2" is a 1998 ballad released by OutKast. An account of the biblical Apocalypse, the song contains the lyric "Look out the window! Golly, the sky is electric blue". "Cosmic Charlie" is a song by the Grateful Dead, performed live between 1968 and 1976. It contains the lyric "Rosy red and electric blue, I bought you a paddle for your paper canoe", which is typical of the surrealistic theme of the remaining lyrics. "Electric Blue" is the name of a song by Nicole Scherzinger and T.I. from Scherzinger's 2014 album Big Fat Lie. In a 1998 retelling of the original 1963 story of Superman Red/Superman Blue, Superman is temporarily deprived of the solar energy needed to provide the energy his body required to give him powers and Superman develops electricity-based abilities, which eventually forces him to adopt a blue and white containment suit to prevent the energy from dispersing. While retaining most of his abilities, he could now also generate electric attacks rather than his original heat-vision. This version of Superman was referred to by some comic book fans as "Electric Blue Superman". The electric blue glow of electricity results from the spectral emission of the excited ionized atoms (or excited molecules) of air (mostly oxygen and nitrogen) falling back to unexcited states, which happens to produce an abundance of electric blue light. This is the reason electrical sparks in air, including lightning, appear electric blue. It is a coincidence that the color of Cherenkov radiation and light emitted by ionized air are a very similar blue despite their very different methods of production. Who Made Those Colors?Who Made Those Colors? By Hilary Greenbaum April 25, 2011 1:49 pm April 25, 2011 1:49 pm Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images Hot pink, bright blue and fluorescent green, among other vivid tones, denote a palette reminiscent of psychedelic posters, subversive fashion and the majority of all things created between 1980 and 1989. Although fluorescent colors exist naturally with certain minerals, it wasn’t until the 1940s that those colors were developed so that they could be seen as vividly during the day as they could under an ultraviolet light. Bob and Joe Switzer, two brothers born in Montana and raised in California, experimented with fluorescent dyes and hot alcohol in the 1930s until they created what we now know as “Day-Glo” colors. Initially created to aid with magic tricks and other illusions, the new tints were quickly adopted by the military in World War II to send signals to airplanes from the ground, in lifeboats to promote visibility and for aircraft carrier crews to aid in landings. After that, the colors took off in all forms. According to “The Day-Glo Brothers,” a book published in 2009, Chris Barton, the author, notes, “I have seen Day-Glo colors my whole life, but I had never considered how those colors came to be until Bob Switzer died in 1997 and I read his obituary in The New York Times.” Neon The ElementThe element neon
•Symbol: Ne •Atomic Number: 10 •Atomic Weight: 20.1797 •Classification: Noble gas •Phase at Room Temperature: Gas •Density: 0.9002 g/L @ 0°C •Melting Point: -248.59°C, -415.46°F •Boiling Point: -246.08°C, -410.94°F •Discovered by: Sir William Ramsay and M. W. Travers in 1898 Neon is the second noble gas located in column 18 of the period table. Neon is the fifth most abundant element in the universe. Neon atoms have 10 electrons and 10 protons with a full outer shell of 8 electrons. Characteristics and Properties Under standard conditions the element neon is a colorless odorless gas. It is a completely inert gas, meaning that it will not combine with other elements or substances to create a compound. Neon has the narrowest liquid range of any element. It only remains a liquid from 24.55 K to 27.05 K. It is the second lightest noble gas after helium. When neon is in a vacuum discharge tube, it glows with a reddish-orange light. Where is neon found on Earth? Neon is a very rare element on Earth. It is found in very small traces in both the Earth's atmosphere and the Earth's crust. It can be produced commercially from liquid air through a process called fractional distillation. Neon is a much more common element in stars and is the fifth most abundant element in the universe. It is created during the alpha process of stars when helium and oxygen are fused together. How is neon used today? Neon is used in lighting signs that are often called "neon" signs. However, neon is only used to produce a reddish orange glow. Other gases are used to create other colors even though they are still called neon signs. Other applications that use neon include lasers, television tubes, and vacuum tubes. The liquid form of neon is used for refrigeration and is considered a more effective refrigerant than liquid helium. How was it discovered? Neon was discovered by British chemists Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in 1898. They warmed liquefied air and captured the gases that came off it as it boiled. They discovered three new elements including krypton, neon, and xenon. Neon was the second element they discovered. Where did neon get its name? The name neon comes from the Greek word "neos" which means "new". Isotopes There are three known stable isotopes of neon including neon-20, neon-21, and neon-22. The most common is neon-20 which makes up about 90% of the naturally occurring neon. Interesting Facts about Neon •Some scientists think that neon may be able to form a compound with fluorine, the most reactive element of the periodic table. •It is used to fix measurement points for the International Temperature Scale. •Neon gas and liquid are fairly expensive because they have to be recovered from air. •Neon gas is monatomic, meaning that its atoms don't bond like oxygen and nitrogen. makes it "lighter than air." http://www.ducksters.com/science/chemistry/neon.php Facts about NeonFacts About Neon by Live Science Staff | October 17, 2014 04:18pm ET Neon gas is used primarily to light up glass tubes in advertising displays. The gas that makes Las Vegas shine is one of the nobles — the noble gases, that is. Neon is one of six elements, found in the rightmost column of the Periodic Table, that are inert. Noble gases react very unwillingly, because the outermost shell of electrons orbiting the nucleus is full, giving these gases no incentive to swap electrons with other elements. As a result, there are very few compounds made with noble gases. Like its noble gas comrades, neon is odorless and colorless. Under certain laboratory conditions, neon can form a compound with fluorine, but is otherwise nonreactive, according to the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory. Just the facts • Atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus): 10 • Atomic symbol (on the Periodic Table of Elements): Ne • Atomic weight (average mass of the atom): 20.1797 • Density: 0.0008999 grams per cubic centimeter • Phase at room temperature: gas • Melting point: minus 415.46 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 248.59 degrees Celsius) • Boiling point: minus 410.94 F (minus 246.08 C) • Number of isotopes (atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons): 18; three of which are stable • Most common isotopes: neon-20 (natural abundance: 90.48 percent), neon-21 (natural abundance: 0.27 percent) and neon-22 (natural abundance: 9.25 percent) Night lights Neon gets its name from the Greek word "neos," meaning "new." The gas was first isolated in 1898 by chemists William Ramsay and Morris Travers, who were busily discovering noble gases left and right by evaporating liquefied air, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. They started with liquid argon, which, when evaporated, made krypton, which fits in the niche below argon on the Periodic Table. Suspecting there was another gas to be discovered, the researchers turned to solid argon, letting the solidified gas evaporate under very low pressure. This time, they found the gas that perches above argon on the Periodic Table: neon. The most common use of neon is in neon signs, which have a century-long history. First developed by French engineer Georges Claude in 1902, neon lights create light by applying electricity to neon or argon in a sealed glass tube. Argon makes blue light, and neon makes the clear orange-red that is familiar in neon signs, said Bill Concannon, a neon-sign artist and owner of Aargon Neon, a sign shop in Crockett, California. "It's a great color," Concannon said of neon's orange-red glow. The element's inertness makes it long-lasting as well, he said. "A well-processed neon tube should be able to run 20 years, continually, without any problem," Concannon, who is also an instructor at the Academy of Art University in San Francisco, told Live Science. Typically, the electrical components of the light fail first, he said. How a neon sign works In a neon sign, electrodes on each end of a glass tube filled with neon or argon gas are connected to alternating current. Fifty times a second, the charge on each electrode alternates between positive and negative. Free electrons in the sealed tube have negative charges, so they are drawn to the positively charged electrode. In the process, these electrons crash into the molecules of neon or argon, knocking loose more electrons, Concannon said. The loss of the electrons leaves the gas molecules positively charged. As the molecules get back to their neutral state, grabbing electrons to do so, they give off light. It's this light that is visible in the glow of a neon sign. As any trip to Las Vegas or Times Square in New York City will reveal, neon signs aren't only orange and blue, of course. The full palate of colors comes from the glow given off by the gases, the color of the glass and an array of fluorescent powder coatings that can be applied to the glass. Though electrodes and glass tubes come prefabricated, neon lighting is still a handmade art. Sign creators use blowtorches to heat the glass tubes, bending them and sealing them together in colorful designs before pumping the gas into the tubes and sealing them. "It's really on a human scale," Concannon said. "No matter how big the design is, the tubes don't weigh that much, and they hardly ever have an overall dimension greater than 8 feet [2.4 meters]." New LED lights are threatening neon signs' place in public life, Concannon said. Once, for example, most mall signs were lit by neon. Today, stores use LEDs instead. But neon has a throwback "cool" charm that makes it popular as a decoration even for modern tech companies, Concannon said. "I kind of like being part of that urban landscape at night — even one that I'm hardly ever awake to see," he said. Who knew? • The precursor to today's neon lights was invented in 1855, when German physicist Heinrich Geissler began experimenting with sealing gases, such as mercury vapor, in vacuum tubes and exposing them to electricity to create a glow. This was before neon itself had been isolated. • In liquid form, neon has three times the refrigerating capacity of liquid hydrogen and 40 times that of liquid helium, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. This chill factor makes neon an important refrigerant in cryogenics, the science of freezing things to very low temperatures. (Neon can also be used for cryonics, the freezing of corpses in hopes that they can be revived by future medical technologies.) • Neon is the fourth-most abundant element in the universe, but not on Earth. Only 0.0018 percent of Earth's atmosphere is neon gas, according to the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory. • Like neon signs? Head to the Neon Museum of Las Vegas, with its "Neon Boneyard," an outdoor exhibit of defunct Vegas signs dating back to the 1930s. • The first neon lamp to go on display lit up in Paris on Dec. 11, 1910, according to Neon Library, a site run by neon artist Skip DeBack. The first neon sign ever sold commercially was bought in 1912 by a Paris barber, according to DeBack. • Neon is a loner. It doesn't form compounds with other elements or react to any other substance, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. Current research Today, neon is used to make helium-neon lasers, which are relatively inexpensive. An electric charge excites the neon, and the neon atoms give off light as they return to their neutral state, similar to the way neon signs work, according to the University of California, Santa Barbara. Mirrors concentrate the light into a laser beam. Early LaserDisc players used helium-neon lasers to read the discs. Neon is also used as a tool in multiple lines of scientific research. In September 2014, researchers reported that drinking wells in Pennsylvania and Texas had been contaminated with methane as a result of badly sealed wells, rather than by the controversial practice of hydraulic fracturing, commonly dubbed "fracking," in which rock is fractured to release oil and natural gas. In the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team of geochemists said they attached noble gases, such as neon and argon, to the methane in natural gas to trace the rogue methane because neon and argon don't react and thus move, unchanged, along with the natural gas. Farther from Earth, neon is also used to probe the mysteries of the sun. In July 2014, an instrument called the Optics-Free Spectrometer (OFS) launched into space. According to NASA, the OFS uses neon to detect photons (particle of light) from the sun. The light hits neon atoms in the instrument, forcing it to eject an electron. The spectrometer then measures these electron emissions in order to determine the features of the light that caused the ejections. Follow Live Science @livescience, Facebook & Google+. http://www.livescience.com/28811-neon.html Today I want to talk about a plant we have not discussed in-depth in this column: fuchsias. I have always liked them and, indeed, have had a couple of hanging baskets on my patio for years. Hummingbirds love them.
This shade-lover is relatively easy to grow. But my interest in them seems to have soared. This past weekend I was I was at the Ithaca Book Sale. I picked up five different books on the plant, great books at only $1.50 each. Once I started reading and studying the pictures I was enthralled. Then I went on to the Internet. Then I ordered 25 different varieties from a nursery in Oregon. They are not here yet, but I am truly excited. I even found other different varieties at a nursery north of Seattle. I’m tempted, but I will wait until I get the first batch growing. While a few species are native to New Zealand, the bulk of the nearly 110 species are native to areas throughout South America, a few to Mexico and other parts of Central America. Of course, species are important, but as we look into this plant, the most beautiful types are the hybrids, and there are literally thousands of them. Their size ranges from small, foot-tall plants to very large shrubs. In our Pacific Northwest and along our mid-Atlantic Coast, the plants thrive because of the temperate climate. Most fuchsias are tropical or sub-tropical. No, they are not hardy in our area, but do well in large pots and are easy to over-winter. I’ll talk about that in a bit. The flowers are teardrop-shaped. Many are bi-colored and what makes them even more interesting is that the stamens and anthers generally hang below the flower, adding interest and making it easier for birds, especially hummingbirds, to get to the nectar. The two main types are upright and trailing; there are hundreds of hybrids in the trailing division. They are the fuchsias that are most often seen in our area. All those hanging baskets are trailers and the most popular hybrids are black beauty and black prince. Care is very easy. Hang those plants where they will get partial to full shade. They just do not do well in high heat and full sun. Move the baskets indoors or to the coolest spot in your garden when the temperatures get above 80 degrees. With too much heat, you will have bloom failure. Fuchsias like a lot of water, but do not want to sit in water. So water thoroughly and let dry a bit before watering. And during the growing season, spring and summer, they should be fed with a liquid fertilizer about every three weeks. Keep a wary eye out for insects during the summer season. The plants are especially favored by aphids and mealy bugs. They are easily controlled if you do not let them get ahead of you. If you are fortunate enough to have fantastic growth, it might be wise to prune away some of the branches for better air circulations and to let light get through to all the leaves. Stop fertilization in the fall, when you move them indoors. To over-winter your plants, you need to move them indoors before the first frost or when there is a significant drop in temperatures. Once indoors, prune the plant back significantly and store it in a place, garage or cold basement where the temperature hovers between 40 to 50 degrees. While in storage, it would be good to give a cup of water a month to normal (10-12-inch) baskets. So much for the hanging basket fuchsias. Let’s take a look at the upright types. The color range is fantastic, ranging from the most delicate pinks to burgundy, from deep purple to an almost blue. The whites are spectacular. But the most fascinating are the bi-colors. I am out of space, so let us look at the uprights next week. Carmen Cosentino operates Cosentino's Florist with his daughter, Jessica. He was elected to the National Floriculture Hall of Fame in 1998, and in 2008, received the Tommy Bright award for lifetime achievements in floral education. He can be reached at cosenti@aol.com or (315) 253-5316. Copyright 2015 Auburn Citizen. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. http://auburnpub.com/columnists/carmen_cosentino/cosentino-facts-on-the-shade-loving-fuchsia/article_31adf2e9-7ac4-5e9f-ab13-f393df788624.html Fuchsia Fun FactsFun Facts about Fuchsia... How well do you know your colors? :) Fuchsia has got to be one of the MOST misspelled words in the English language. On this site you will see it spelled a million ways, fushia, fuschia, fucshia, fuchia, etc. etc. Even I spell it wrong ALL the time. The correct spelling is fuchsia. Here are some fun (and random :) facts about this color I LOVE: 1. The color fuchsia is actually named after the fuchsia plant (see pic). 2. The fuchsia plant is named after a botanist named Leonard Fuchs. 3. There are actually several shades of fuchsia. What shade of fuchsia are you using? My fuchsia is the Hollywood cerise shade (also called fashion fuchsia). 4. The first recorded use of fuchsia as a color was in 1892. 5. Also, according to Wikipedia, in gay slang, a beautiful, attractive woman is known as a fuchsia queen and wearing a fuchsia bandana means you have a spanking fetish LOL. I don't know how accurate that is, it's Wikipedia! Hahahaha http://www.weddingbycolor.com/futuremrsvince/ask-a-question-fun-facts-about-fuchsia----73448 Fuchsia FactsFuchsia, also known as lady's eardrop, is bushy plant that belongs to the family evening primrose. It originates from Chile, Argentina and Mexico. There are more than 100 species and numerous varieties of fuchsia that grow in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Fuchsia can be found from the sea level to the altitude of 13.900 feet. These plants were discovered at the end of 17th century and named in honor of the famous German botanist Leonhart Fuchs. Ever since that time, popularity of fuchsias is growing and today they represent one of the most cultivated ornamental plants in the world. Fuchsia usually grows in the form of shrub that can reach from 8 inches to more than 13 feet in height, depending on the variety. Fuchsia has simple, lanceolate leaves gathered in whorls or arranged in opposite pairs on the branches. Margins can be whole or serrated. Fuchsia develops drooping, tubular or bell-shaped flowers. They can be seen during the summer and autumn in subtropical areas or all year round in tropics. Flowers last few days. Majority of species of fuchsia develop brightly colored flowers, composed of red sepals and purple petals. Some varieties of fuchsia produce white, yellowish, orange, dark red and purple-blue colored flowers. Colorful flowers attract hummingbirds, main pollinators of fuchsia. Fruit of fuchsia are berries. They can be reddish green, red or purple-colored, depending on the variety. Berries are filled with numerous miniature seed. All parts of fuchsia are edible, but berries are the most popular and most commonly used in human diet. Their taste ranges from acidic to sweet, depending on the cultivar. Berries are usually consumed in the form of jams. Native Americans used root of fuchsia as a source of black pigment for coloring of wool. Unlike other species of fuchsia, Fuchsia excorticata grows as tree. Its wood is so dense and hard that it cannot be used as firewood. Wood of Fuchsia excorticata is used for carving and manufacture of various long-lasting objects (such as combs). Indigenous people of New Zealand (Maori) were using blue pollen from the flowers of Fuchsia excorticata as a source of make-up. Fuchsia is a symbol of "good taste" in Japan, and "confiding love" and "amiability" in the western societies. Fuchsia is often cultivated in gardens because of its beautiful flowers and longevity. Fuchsia can be grown as shrub, trailing vine, miniature tree or bedding plant. Mites, aphids, caterpillars and various moths feed on fuchsia and negatively affect growth and development of this plant. Word "fuchsia" can be used to describe bright, purple-pink color. This shade is also known as magenta. Fuchsia can survive for hundreds of years. Oldest known fuchsia (that still lives) was planted in 1899. http://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/fuchsia_facts/1205/ |
AuthorI am a Life Coach, a Color Wisdom Card Practitioner, and yes, even a Professor (political science, State University of New York at Albany). I use the Color Wisdom Cards to support clients in exploring priorities and taking concrete actions to stay on track with the goals they set. Because in my own life I have overcome a lot of self-doubt, I want to work with people towards more confidence and self-empowerment. You can do it! What is it you want to do? Categories
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